In a patient of 60 years old after the surgical removal of stomach cancer and subsequent treatment, an enlarged lymph node in the left supraclavicular area was detected. Atypical cells, which were similar to the cells of a previously removed tumor, were found after the biopsy of this lymph node, Questions: 4) What is the name of tumor cells spreading throughout the body? 5) What is the difference between tumor cells and normal cells?
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- Why can metastasizing cancer cells get into the lymphaticsystem more easily than they can enter the bloodstream?Jordan has an enlarged lymph node along the side of his neck,and he is worried that the structure may be a lymphoma. Whatare some criteria to help distinguish between infected lymphnodes and malignant lymph nodes? If the lymph node werecancerous, how would a physician determine if the cancer hasspread to other parts of the body?Why are the axillary lymph nodes often biopsied in cases of suspected breast cancer?
- In some cases of breast cancer, many of the axillary lymphnodes are removed. Why are injections not usually doneon the affected arm?Explain why chemotherapy and radiation may berecommended following surgery for breast cancer evenwhen no lymph nodes appear to be involved.Due to the presence of breast cancer, Mrs. Franco had a right radical mastectomy in which her right breast, underlying muscle, and right axillary lymph nodes and vessels were removed. Now she is experiencing severe swelling in her right arm. Why did the surgeon remove lymph tissue as well as the breast? Why is Mrs. Franco’s right arm swollen?
- In treating a woman for malignancy in the right breast, the surgeon removes some of her axillary lymph nodes. Following surgery, the patient experiences edema of her right arm. Explain why ?S.M.was recently diagnosed with Hodgkin disease and scheduled for a staging procedure. His previous axillary lymph node biopsy result was positive for Reed-Sternberg cells. The surgeon charted the results of the staging procedure as “stage I.” What is the purpose of the staging procedure for S.M.? (List 2 reasons for staging.) How does Hodgkin lymphoma spread in the body, and what does “stage I” signify for S.M.? (Describe how Hodgkin disease spreads and explain the meaning of “Stage I.”) What is the difference between Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma? (Outline the primary difference, then outline the various pathophysiologic aspects of each disease., along with symptoms.) What is the prognosis and predicted therapy for S.M.now that he has been diagnosed with stage I Hodgkin disease? (List the 5 year survival rate of Hodgkin disease and outline the treatment plan for Stage I Hodgkin disease. Also, explain how the treatment would differ if it is discovered that…Why is the spleen considered a hematologic organ? Why can humans live without it?
- A 17-year-old boy suffered an injury to his left eye when, during a car crash, a sharp sliver of glass penetrated his eye, damaging his lens and uveal tract. The glass was removed and the injury repaired with complete recovery. However, 3 weeks later he noticed some redness in the left eye and photophobia, followed by pain and severe visual impairment. The left eye was removed and histologic examination showed an extensively infiltrated uveal tract with abundant lymphocytes and mononuclear cells. Two weeks later the other eye began to show the same symptoms. Since the lens was damaged the most likely scenario is that: A. this is an example of immediate hypersensitivity. B. sequestered antigen was released and initiated an immune response. C. some of the glass must have penetrated the right eye as well. D. the bacteria entered the damaged eye and is causing an infection in both eyes.In general, what sorts of pathogens might be able to more successfully attack a patient with an inability to synthesize B lymphocytes?All of the following are associated with ectopic lymphoid tissues except _____. a. they form by a process known as lymphoid neogenesis b. they are a characteristic feature of Hashimoto’s disease c. they are encapsulated and contain lymphatics d. they resemble and function like secondary lymphoid tissues e. they are also called tertiary lymphoid organs.