In a recent benefit-cost analysis of a proposed regulation that generated positive net benefits in the present but negative net benefits in the future, the government used a 7% social discount rate. If it had instead used a 8% social discount rate, the present value of the policy's net benefits would have been ; if it had used a 6% social discount rate, the present value of the policy's net benefits would have been A) Lower; lower. B) Lower; higher. C) Higher; lower. D) Higher; higher.
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- Your professor has decided that, from now on, students who receive less than a 60 percent grade onany exam will be eligible to go to a review session. Ifthey attend the session, they will receive an extra 10percent on their grade. You see a problem with thispolicy, and instead propose to your professor thatpeople who go to the review session should receive50 percent of the difference between their grade and60 percent. Explain why this situation represents atrade-off between equity and efficiencySay that the government is considering a ban on smoking in restaurants in Tobaccoville. There are 1 million people living there, and each would benefit by 200 from this smoking ban. However, there are two large tobacco companies in Tobaccoville and the ban would cost them $5 million each. What are the proposed policys total costs and benefits? Do you think it will pass?Here is a second hypothesis: A well-funded social safety net may lead to less regulation of the market economy. Explain why this might be so, and sketch a production possibility curve that shows this tradeoff.
- The fact that lower-incomefamilies will spend a higherpercentage of their income ontangible goods that are taxablethan higher-income familiesmeans that sales tax is whattype of taxation system?Suppose that the government wishes to encourage the manufactureand sale of small cars. The current supply and demand of small carsare: Qs = −(10/9) + (1/9)P; Qd = 100 − P, where Q is in millions ofcars and P is in hundreds of dollars.Now, suppose that the government is considering two alternative plansfor encouraging small car sales. Under Plan A, every car manufacturerwill receive a $500 rebate from the government for each car sold. Underplan B, every purchaser of a small car will receive a $500 rebate fromthe government.Which of the plan is more effective in encouraging sales? Show bycomputing the equilibrium quantity under each plan.Special interest groups tend to be able to infil hce legis O a. special interest groups have rational ignorance. O b. voters have an incentive to oppose the legislation. O c. the costs for voters opposing the legislation are higher than the benefits. O d. special interest groups have an incentive to educate voters.
- 2.9. The following informal descriptions of voting methods do not represent social choice functions as we have defined them. Explain why not.(a) (Mini-quota) Any candidate with at least 25% of the votes is declareda winner.(b) (Approval voting) Every voter answers a yes-or-no question abouteach candidate: “Is she acceptable?” Whichever candidate is acceptable to the most voters is declared the winner.(c) (Copeland without ties) The winners of the Copeland method become our finalists. If there is more than one finalist, the tie is resolvedby drawing straws.(d) (Condorcet candidate) Pick the candidate who defeats each of theother candidates in a head-to-head election4.10. A social choice function satisfies the weak Pareto criterion if,whenever every voter places one candidate above another, say rankingcandidate A over candidate B, then candidate B cannot be the uniquewinner. (This differs from the Pareto property owing to the words “theunique”.)(a) Explain why any method that satisfies Pareto also satisfies weakPareto.(b) Explain why the antiplurality method satisfies weak Pareto.(c) Explain why the agenda method violates weak Pareto.a) If the only goal of a regulator of a natural monopoly firm that charges a uniform price is to ensure that the firm produces the socially optimal level of output, and the regulator has the authority to order the firm to do so, explain why this power could not be exercised when the viability of the firm is taken into account. b) Explain why a regulator, whose sole objective is to ensure that a monopoly firm produce the socially optimal output, would have no need to do anything if the firm were a perfectly discriminating monopoly. c) If the market demand curve is common knowledge for a natural monopoly firm and a regulator, but unlike the firm, the regulator has no information about the firm’s cost curves. Explain how a regulator could incentivize the firm to produce the socially optimal output, bearing in mind that the regulator does not even know which level of output is socially optimal?
- Consider a labor market in which workers are paid the minimum wage. When will it matter for tax incidence whether a payroll tax is imposed on workers or on employers? A.Normally, the statutory imposition of a tax is irrelevant to the actual economic incidence because the party on whom legal liability rests will shift the burden if it can, and the less-elastic party will bear most of the burden of the tax. However, a tax imposed on employers can be shifted to workers earning the minimum wage; employers are not legally constrained from lowering wages further, so they will not bear the full burden. On the other hand, a tax imposed on workers will not be at least partially shifted to employers if the demand for labor is inelastic. Therefore, minimum-wage employers with elastic demand for labor are likely to share some of the burden of a tax imposed on employees. B.Normally, the statutory imposition of a tax is relevant to the actual economic incidence because the party on whom legal…Discuss thoroughly two of the principles often used inevaluating tax policy: ability to pay (includehorizontal and vertical equity), and the benefits principle. Canthese principles typically be satisfied simultaneously? Why or why not? Provide an example of a tax policy orinstrument which primarily emphasizes the “ability-to-pay”principle and also an example which primarily emphasizes the“benefits” principle.Suppose that an individual's demand curve for doc-tor visits per year is given by the equation P = 500- 25Q, where Q is the number of doctor visits peryear and P is the price per visit. Suppose also thatthe marginal cost of each doctor visit is $100.a. How many visits per year would be efficient?What is the total cost of the efficient numberof visits?b. Suppose that the individual obtains insur-ance. There is no deductible, and the coin-surance rate is 50 percent. How many visitsto the doctor will occur now? What are theindividual's out-of-pocket costs? How muchdoes the insurance company pay for this individual's doctors' visits?c. What is the deadweight loss (if any) causedby this insurance policy?
