In early mammalian development, compaction would likely be blocked by inhibiting expression of which of the following? a. Beta-catenin. b. E-cadherin. c. Bcl2. d. Cdx2.
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- When in fruit fly development does axes development begin? A. in the unfertilized egg stage when maternal effect genes deposit mRNA and proteins in specific locations B. in the early embryo stage when induction signals between neighboring cells identify where the cells are in three-dimensional space C. in the larval stage when body segments appear, and pattern formation is evident D. in the pupal stage when a gradient of morphogens is establishedThe ‘default model’ for neural induction in Xenopus proposes that the development of dorsalectoderm as neural tissue is the default pathway.a. What is the evidence for this model?b. What is the proposed molecular basis?c. How has the default model been modified in the light of more recent work? (Include FGF signaling)Why is it easier to manipulate embryonic stem cells to differentiate into various tissues than it is to manipulate a typical adult cell? a. As cells develop, signaling pathways can cause some genes to be turned off during development. b. Adult cells have different DNA content than do embryonic stem cells. c. Emybronic stem cells pose less of a threat for organ rejection as do an individual s own adult cells. d. It is no easier to manipulate emybronic stem cells to differentiate into various tissues than it is to manipulate a typical adult cell.
- In mice, the copy of the Igf2 gene that is inherited from the mother isnever expressed in her offspring. This happens because the Igf2 genefrom the mothera. always undergoes a mutation that inactivates its function.b. is deleted during oogenesis.c. is deleted during embryonic development.d. is not transcribed in the somatic cells of the offspring.Which of these processes is MOST directly involved in the resorption of a tadpole’s tail during development? A. apoptosis B. mitosis C. phagocytosis D. protein synthesisDiscuss the role of homeotic genes in development. Explain what happens to the phenotype of a fruit fly when a gain-of-function mutation in a homeotic gene causes the protein to be expressed in an abnormal region of the embryo. What are the consequences of a loss-of-function mutation in such a gene?
- Exposing C. elegans to an RNAi molecule homologous to a non-protein-coding RNA gene resulted in the worms’ inability to respond to touch. What predictions could you make about the function of that gene in development?Signal transduction pathways are important mechanisms for cell-to-cell communication in multicellular organisms. How do the target cells typically respond when they receive signals from neighboring cells during very early stages of embryo development? A. The target cells move to one of the poles to establish the anterior-posterior body axis. B. The target cells undergo changes in gene expression, sending them down a specific developmental path. C. The target cells stop dividing so the neighboring cells have time to get to the same stage of development. D. The target cells activate a collection of miRNAs to accelerate transcription and cell division.Which statement about Hox genes is false? a. They are expressed in similar patterns in the embryos of both mice and flies. b. They include a conserved region of base pairs called the homeobox. c. They are arranged in similar clusters of genes in both mice and flies. d. They are part of the so-called genetic toolkit. e. Because of their important functional roles, they evolved rapidly in both mammals and flies.
- The toolkit genes generally regulate_____ [A]_____ in order to direct development. Other developmental decisions are regulated _____[B]_____, as we saw in sex determination in flies. *Hint: these are steps in the Central Dogma? Give typing answer with explanation and conclusiona. Explain how you could use worms transformedwith myo-2::GFP to find mutations that disrupt thestructure of the pharynx. How would the presenceof the transgene facilitate the mutant screen?b. Nematodes homozygous for loss-of-function mutations in a gene called pha-4 have no detectablepharyngeal structures. How could you use myo2::GFP to determine if pha-4 is a master regulatory gene that directs development of the pharynxin a manner similar to the way Pax-6/eyeless controls eye development?What are some of the ethical issues that arise from using embryonic stem cells?(b) To avoid these issues, scientists use IPSCs. What are the pros and cons to using iPSCs inrelation to embryonic stem cells?