In order to determine polarity for different states of a character a. there must be a fossil record of the groups in question. b. genetic sequence data must be available. c. an appropriate name for the taxonomic group must be selected. d. an outgroup must be identified.

Q: Based on cladistic analysis: a. paraphyletic and monophyletic groups are equally valid. b. a shared…

A: Cladistics is a method used in biological classification, where organisms are categorized into…

Q: To be informative for reconstructing the phylogeny of agroup of taxa, a characteristic must bea.…

A: Answer is d.)  a DNA sequence.

Q: You are a scientist studying the relationships between lizards, penguins, and parrots. You examine…

A: Introduction The Study Of Evolutionary Relationships Among Biological Things — Usually Species,…

Q: Why do scientists apply the concept of maximum parsimony? a. to decipher accurate phylogenies b. to…

A: A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship among different…

Q: Imagine that two completely unrelated species in very different families were accidentally given the…

A: Every identified species on earth has been assigned a two-part scientific name, by the scientific…

Q: Which statement is true regarding the tree below? E A B C D Taxon C is equally related to B and…

A: Evolution is one of the most fascinating natural concept.  Every organism that lives or lived on the…

Q: construct a cladogram for all species of ducks, which are Birds (Aves). Explain why "presence of…

A: *To construct the cladogram the evolutionary relationship is very important which helps to find…

Q: The bones of a bird’s wing are similar to the bones in a bat’s wing. This observation is an example…

A: Evolution can be defined as the unrolling of nature that brings about an orderly change from one…

Q: Which of the following are true about outgroups?   a. They help identify plesiomorphic traits…

A: In phylogenetics, the term outgroup is defined as the group of organisms that help to determine the…

Q: The evolution of various life forms on Earth is summarized in ________.   a. the binomial naming…

A: Evolution is a continuous process and we are still evolving. Evolution is nothing but adapting to…

Q: Scientists find a fossil (Fossil A) in a deep layer of sedimentary rock. They determine that Fossil…

A: Paleontology is the scientific study of fossils, including their age, formation process, and…

Q: The principle of parsimony a. helps evolutionary biologists distinguish among competing…

A: A problem-solving approach that refers to the entities that should not be multiplied without…

Q: Each branching point in a cladogram (a) is called a root (b) represents a clade (c) represents the…

A: cladogram is the phylogenetic tree.

Q: Rapid rates of character change relative to the rate of speciation pose a problem for cladistics…

A: Evolution is a systemic process that is happening step by step manner to select an organism from the…

Q: Why don’t shared ancestral characters provide evidence for relationships between organisms within a…

A: A clade is defined as a monophyletic taxon, that is, a group that will consist of all descendants…

Q: Which of the following assumptions is not part ofcladistics?a. A lineage’s characters change over…

A: Evolution is defined as the change in heritable characteristics of a species over several…

Q: A paraphyletic group includes a. an ancestor and all of its descendants. b. an ancestor and some…

A: The most recent common ancestor and some of its descendants are found in the paraphyletic group. For…

Q: Which of the following is an accurate statement of relationships in the tree to the right? Explain…

A: Phylogenetic trees are diagrams that explain the evolutionary relationship among organisms. It helps…

Q: List 3 types of evidence scientists used to construct phylogenies?  How would you rank the above…

A: Phylogeny is the study of relationships among different group of organisms and their evolutionary…

Q: Construct a cladogram from 3. Explain how EACH of the following could have played a role in the…

A: Answer-----

Q: Identify the outgroup from the phylogenetic trees and box/mark the whole lineage in red. Identify…

A: Introduction  Phylogenetic tree is a method of representation of evolutionary relationship between…

Q: of the following are true about phylogenies, EXCEPT:   a. They are considered an unbiased…

A: There is so much diversity in the living world. Among this diversity some groups are related to each…

Q: Which characters are most informative in phylogenetic reconstruction because they indicate…

A: The answer to this question is synapomorphies.

Q: Which statement is true regarding the tree below? E A в с D O A. Taxon C is equally related to B and…

A: Phylogenetic tree: A diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships among organisms. It is a…

Q: Q1: It is a group descending from one common ancestor  A. Monophyletic B. Polyphyletic C.…

A: • Monophyletic : The taxon that includes organisms that descended from a single common ancestor is…

Q: A clade is_____ . a. defined by a derived character c. a hypothesis b. a monophyletic group d. all…

A: A clade is a group, consisting of an common ancestor and all its descendants, a single "branch" on…

Q: Two different monophyletic groups that share common ancestry with each other more recently than…

A: Answer : Two different monophyletic groups that share common ancestry with each other more recently…

Q: In interpreting a cladogram, (a) we can identify the specific ancestor of each taxon by tracing each…

A: There are many shapes of cladograms but they have certain things in common all have lines that…

Q: Choose the best answer. Shared derived characteristics are: O a Used only to characterize species O…

A: When we think about how organisms evolve, researchers can make cladograms or phylogenetic trees.…

Q: In taxonomy, what traits have been used to classify species? Select all that apply. A. Differences…

A: Taxonomy can be defined as a scientific study of naming & classifying organisms on the basis of…

Q: Phylogenetic trees are based on a. natural selection. b. genetic drift. c. homology. d. none of the…

A: Introduction  Evolution is the key process which regulates the survivability and continuity of…

Q: a.Explain the four basic criteria on which RH Whittaker system of classification is based on. b.…

A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we are eligible to answer only one question. Kindly repost…

Q: Which of the following are true about outgroups? (multiple answers allowed) A) they help identify…

A: Evolution is any alteration in the heritable characteristics of the population. These…

Q: A phylogenetic tree is different from a cladogram in that ... Group of answer choices A: it shows…

A: Phylogenetic tree: it is a tree diagram that describes the evolutionary relationships between…

Q: ______ is a way of reconstructing evolutionary history based on derived characters. a. Cladistics c.…

A: Cladistics is a way of reconstructing evolutionary history based on derived characters. Cladistics…

Q: Which of the following are true about outgroups?     A. They help identify plesiomorphic traits…

A: Outgroups can be referred to as distantly related organisms, which serves as a reference group when…

Q: Which of the following is part of a clade believed to have died out, leaving no descendants? a.…

A: Paranthropus robustus is a massively built, tall, robust, and flat skulled hominid. They have a…

Q: A branch points on a phylogenetic tree is where scientists that study systematics place a groups…

A: A phylogenetic tree is the diagrammatic representation of the family tree that shows the…

Q: The definition of "lineage" is:

A: Lineage refers to a group of individuals that have descended from a common ancestor. They descend in…

Q: In a comparison of birds and mammals,the condition of having four limbs is(A) a shared ancestral…

A: Two or more organisms are recalled homologous if they have the common ancestor. The organisms that…

Q: Which of the following is TRUE about a phylogenetic tree? It provides a drawing the reflects the…

A: Phylogenetic trees represent hypotheses about the evolutionary relationships of species and other…

Q: To test evolutionary hypotheses, you make a phylogeny of a group of organisms based on six traits: -…

A: The phylogenetic tree is given in the question. The phylogenetic tree depicts the relationship…

Q: Based on the results, what is the most probable phylogenetic tree(s) for these three beetles?   A.…

A: Introduction The study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of…

Q: You are a scientist studying the relationships between lizards, penguins, and parrots. You examine…

A: The trait no body temperature regulation is found in al common ancestors and hence will be a…

Q: Why is molecular data for phylogenetic inference best analyzed with use of an explicit model of…

A: Answer: Molecular data for phylogenetic tree is the data accumulated which contains the information…

Q: A. Which two alien species are likely to be the most related? Why?  B. Which two alien species are…

A: 1. Persnippys and Crabbils are most related as from the cladogram we can observe that both of these…

Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.