In populations where it is common for first cousins to marry, some autosomal recessive disorders such as albinism and phenylketonuria are far more likely to occur than elsewhere. 20. If the frequency of a recessive allele changes from 0.0001 to 0.01 after several generations, the most probable reason is that random mating is occurring non-random mating is occurring a high rate of mutation is involved inbreeding causes the population to increase
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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
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- The equation p2+ 2pq + q2= 1 representing theHardy-Weinberg proportions examines genes withonly two alleles in a population.a. Derive a similar equation describing the equilibrium proportions of genotypes for a gene withthree alleles. [Hint: Remember that the HardyWeinberg equation can be written as the binomialexpansion (p + q)2.]b. A single gene with three alleles (IA, IB, and i) isresponsible for the ABO blood groups. Individualswith blood type A can be either IA IAor IA i;those with blood type B can be either IB IBor IB i;people with AB blood are IA IB, and type O individuals are ii. Among Armenians, the frequency of IAis0.360, the frequency of IBis 0.104, and the frequencyof i is 0.536. Calculate the frequencies of individuals in this population with the four possible bloodtypes, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.In Problems 15–17, you will see that because matingbetween individuals within populations at Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium is random, it is possible to predict…6. You have identified an autosomal gene that contributesto tail size in male guppies, with a dominant allele B forlarge tails and a recessive allele b for small tails. Femaleguppies of all genotypes have similar tail sizes. Youknow that female guppies usually mate with males withthe largest tails, but the effects of population densityand the ratio of the sexes on this preference have notbeen studied. You therefore place an equal number ofmales in three tanks. In tank 1, the number of femalesis twice the number of males. In tank 2, the numbers ofmales and females are equal. In tank 3, half as manyfemales as males are present. After mating, you findthe following proportions of small-tailed males amongthe progeny: tank 1, 16%; tank 2, 25%; tank 3, 30%.a. In your original population (before the animals wereplaced in the three tanks), 25% of the males havesmall tails. Assuming that the allele frequencies inmales and females are the same, calculate the frequencies of B and b in your…Cystic fibrosis is a homozygous recessive condition that affects 1 in 10,000 of the Hispanic populationin the United States. Calculate the frequency of the dominant allele, the frequency of the recessiveallele, and the percentage of heterozygous individuals (carriers) in the Hispanic population.Frequency of thedominant alleleFrequency of therecessive allele% homozygous dominant% homozygous recessive% heterozygous
- A mouse mutation with incomplete dominance (t =tailless) causes short tails in heterozygotes (t+/t). Thesame mutation acts as a recessive lethal that causeshomozygotes (t/t) to die in utero. In a populationconsisting of 150 mice, 60 are t+/t+ and 90 areheterozygotes.a. What are the allele frequencies in this population?b. Given that there is random mating among mice, nomigration, and no mutation, and ignoring the effects of random genetic drift, what are the expectednumbers of the different genotypes in this nextgeneration if 200 offspring are born?c. Two populations (called Pop 1 and Pop 2) of micecome into contact and interbreed randomly. Thesepopulations initially are composed of the followingnumbers of wild-type (t+/t+) homozygotes andtailless (t+/t) heterozygotes:Pop 1 Pop 2Wild type 16 48Tailless 48 36What are the frequencies of the two genotypes in thenext generation?Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorderthat occurs relatively frequently among people ofEuropean descent. In an Amish community in Ohio,medical researchers reported the occurrence of cysticfibrosis (CF) as being 1/569 live births. Using theHardy–Weinberg rule, estimate the frequency of carriers of the disease allele in this Amish population.A large population of moths contains 35% white moths caused by the double recessive genotype, bb.What are all the allelic and genotypic frequencies for this population?Frequency of thedominant alleleFrequency of therecessive allele% homozygous dominant% homozygous recessive% heterozygous
- The recessive allele that causes Ellis– van Creveld syndrome when homozygous has a frequency of about 0.07 in the Amish population of Pennsylvania, although its frequency is only about 0.001 in the generalpopulation. How many persons out of one thousand in the Amish population would be expected to have the disease? How many out of one million in the general population?Hi, I needed help with this question. (Attached) Directions: Heterozygosity – the presence of two, unlike alleles at a single gene in a diploid individual. Observed Heterozygosity (Ho) – the observed number of heterozygotes in a population Expected or Panmictic Heterozygosity (He) – the number of heterozygotes in a population of a given allele frequency composition if we assume Hardy-Weinberg conditions. Inbreeding coefficient (F) – a measure of the heterozygote deficit in a population, where F = (He – Ho)/HeAfter graduation, you and 19 of your closest friends charter a plane to go on a round-the-world tour. Unfortunately, you all crash land safely on a deserted island and you start a new population totally isolated from the rest of the world. Two of your friends are heterozygous for the recessive cystic fibrosis allele (c). Assuming that the frequency of this allele does not change as the population grows, what will be the incidence of cystic fibrosis on your island? In percentage provide summation.
- Androgenetic alopecia (pattern baldness) is a complextrait in humans governed by several genes, but supposea human population exists in which a single autosomalallele determines pattern baldness. This allele is dominant in males and recessive in females. The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and 51% ofthe men are bald.a. What is the allele frequency of the baldness alleleamong males?b. What is the allele frequency of the baldness alleleamong females?c. What percentage of the women in this populationwill exhibit pattern baldness? d. Assuming random mating, what proportion of allmatings should be between a bald man and anonbald woman?e. What percentage of the bald men in the populationare heterozygotes?f. If a nonbald couple produces a bald son, what isthe probability that their next son will be bald?g. A woman with androgenetic alopecia has a daughter, but nothing is known about the father. What isthe probability that the daughter will be bald?a) Suppose the frequency of the recessive allele a for the recessive condition albinism is 0.2 Assume the Hardy-Weinberg distribution. ai) What is the frequency of albinism in the general population? aii) What fraction of the population are carriers? b) In a large population of mice, 0.58 have the recessive genetic condition rsiancer (fictional). Assume the Hardy-Weinberg distribution. What fraction of mice are carriers? Giver your answer with two digits parts the decimal point. c) In a large population of squirrels, 0.14 have the recessive genetic condition nlourianfilindr (fictional). Assume the Hardy-Weinberg distribution. What is the frequency of the dominant allele in this population? Give your answer with two digits parts the decimal point. d) In a large population of chimpanzees, there is a recessive genetic condition telactalase (fictional). Assume the Hardy-Weinberg distribution. If the frequency of dominant allele is 0.77 then what fraction of the population has…In a large, randomly mating population, the frequency of the allele (s)for sickle-cell hemoglobin is 0.028. The results of studies have shownthat people with the following genotypes at the beta-chain locus producethe following average numbers of offspring:Genotype Average numberof offspring producedSS 5Ss 6ss 0a. What will the frequency of the sickle-cell allele (s) be in the nextgeneration?b. What will the frequency of the sickle-cell allele be at equilibrium?