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in questions 5 &6, what is meant by higher and lower? An inward or an outward shift?
- Suppose Scott and Bob live on the same street. in the winter, both of them like their street plowed. Bob's demand is given by 0 = 40 - P, and Scott's demand is gren by 0 = 30 - 2P. Suppose the marginal cost of plowing the snow is constant at $35 (a) What is the social marginal benefit curve? (b) What is the socially efficient amount of plowing? (c) What would be the socially efficient amount of plowing if the marginal cost of plowing were $5?PRICE OF CARS 1. Efficiency in the presence of externalities Cars impose many external costs on society: carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to air pollution, congestion on roadways, and so on. Therefore, the market equilibrium quantity of cars is not equal to the socially efficient quantity. The following graph shows the demand for cars (their marginal private benefit), the supply of cars (the marginal private cost of producing them), and the marginal social cost of cars, including both the marginal private cost and external costs. Use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the market equilibrium quantity. Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially efficient quantity. Demand (MPB, MSB) QUANTITY OF CARS As a result, the market output is MSC + Market Output Socially Efficient Output Supply (MPC) the socially efficient output. (?) Which of the following policies could help the government achieve the socially efficient outcome? Check all that apply. ☐…Suppose that we are considering the market for windmills. The private demand for electric cars is given buy: ?d = 160 − 2? And the private supply of electric cars is given by: ?s = ? − 20Suppose also that electrci cars produce a positive externality, with a Marginal Economic Benefit of $30 per unit. 5. What would be the private market equilibrium (p* & Q*)? 6. What is the socially optimal equilibrium (p* & Q*)? 7. What is Producer Surplus and Consumer Surplus in the private market equilibrium? 8. What is the increase in Total Surplus from moving from the private market equilibrium to the socially optimal equilibrium?
- Problem 5 refers to the following setup: The demand curve in a market is Q = 6-P. Firm A and B are the only sellers, their marginal costs are constant at 2 and 3 respectively, and there is no fixed cost. They produce identical goods. 5. a) What is the socially efficient outcome? (Specify the quantity for each firm.) b) Find the quantity produced by each firm and the price under Cournot competition. c) What is each firm's profit under Cournot competition?Suppose that we are considering the market for electric cars The private demand for cars is given buy: ? = 160 − 2? And the private supply of electric cars is given by: ? = ? − 20Suppose also that electric cars produce a positive externality, with a Marginal Economic Benefit of $20 per unit. 1. What would be the private market equilibrium (p* & Q*)? 2. What is the socially optimal equilibrium (p* & Q*)? 3. What is Producer Surplus and Consumer Surplus in the private market equilibrium? 4. What is the increase in Total Surplus from moving from the private market equilibrium to the socially optimal equilibrium?Vork (Ch 10) 2. Efficiency in the presence of externalities Cars impose 'many external costs on society: exhaust emissions that contribute to air pollution, congestion on roadways, and so on. Therefore, the market equilibrium quantity of cars is not equal to the socially optimal quantity. The following graph shows the demand for cars (their private value), the supply of cars (the private cost of producing them), and the social cost of cars, including both the private cost and external costs. Use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the market equilibrium quantity. Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially optimal quantity. Social Cost Market Equilibrium Supply (Private Cost) Socially Optimal Level Demand (Private Value) QUANTITY OF CARS PRICE OF CARS
- Why is it socially efficient to set marginal benefits equal to marginal costs rather than abating until total benefits equal total costs?The equations below represent the demand and supply curves for annual gym memberships in a city. qD= 500 − 2p, qS=0.5p − 50 Because physical activity leads to better health, the city estimates that each annual gym membership saves $30 of public spending on healthcare per year (a positive externality). a. In a graph, show the market and the socially optimal equilibria for annual gym memberships in this city. Does the market equilibrium result in under- or over-consumption of memberships? What is the deadweight loss associated with the market failure in this situation? b. Would you recommend this city to implement a subsidy (a negative Pigouvian tax) to correct this market failure? If so, how much would be the subsidy per unit? What would be the effects of your proposed policy on the quantity, price, and aggregate welfare?Assume the market demand for cigarettes is as follows: Price per pack 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 Quantity (packs per day) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Suppose further that smoking creates external costs valued at 50 cents per pack. a.Draw the social and market demand curves b.At 3.50 per pack, what quantity is demanded in the market? c.What is the socially optimal quantity at that price?
- Questions 1-4 The Alpha, Beta, and Gamma residents of a village are install street lights along the main street of the village The marginal benefit (Am) of the streetlights is: - Alpha: Am = 10.000-80x. - Beta: Am = 8.000-90x. - Gamma: Am = 14.000-70x 1. If a streetlight costs $8,000, what is the optimal collective number of streetlights? а. 25. b. 65. с. 100 d. 110 2. What is the marginal benefit of Alpha at the optimal number of street lights? а. О. b. 2,000 с. 3,500. d. 4,500. 3. What is the marginal benefit of Gamma at the optimal number of street lights? а. О. b. 6,000. с. 7,000 d. 9,000 4. How will Citizen Beta react to the proposal to levy a flat tax of $5,000 per citizen per streetlight to fund the development of streetlights? He a. Will be willing to pay the tax. b. will refuse to pay the tax. c. is unable to conclude whether Beta will be willing to pay the tax or not. d. will be indifferent to the "neither for nor against" street lights.Cause and Individual Example of Market Failure with a Negative Externality In Section 1, externalities are introduced as well as market failures, where the socially optimal output is not the same as what the market produces by itself. For this discussion, your task is to: Describe a real-world negative externality. In your externality identify who are the participants in the market and who receives the spillover How are the incentives for the firm misaligned from the rest of society to make the externality?If the market for a good is producing a negative externality in production (e.g. a polluting firm):(a) In market equilibrium, the marginal cost (MC) to society exceeds the marginal cost (MC) of production.b) In market equilibrium the marginal benefits to society exceed the marginal cost (MC) of production.(c) In market equilibrium the marginal costs (MC) to society exceed the total benefits to societyd) In market equilibrium the private Cmg (MC) of production exceeds the Cmg (MC) for society.For each of the alternatives, explain which is correct and explain which are false or uncertain.