In the pathway below, normal signalling driving cell division requires a mitogen(ligand), an RTK, Ras and proteins X and Y.Which of the following statements is true about the genes that encode the mitogenand Ras in healthy cells?mitogenactive Ras proteinCYTOSOLGTPactive signalingprotein Yactive receptoractive signaling protein Xtyrosine kinaseCELL DIVISON a) The genes encoding both the mitogen and Ras would be considered tumorsuppressors.b) The mitogen and Ras would be encoded by genes classed as proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressors, respectively.O c) The mitogen and Ras would be encoded by genes classed as oncogenes andtumor suppressors, respectively.d) The genes encoding both the mitogen and Ras would be consideredoncogenes.e) The genes encoding both the mitogen and Ras would be considered proto-oncogenes.

Mutations are alterations in the DNA sequence of an organism. Small changes, such as adding or…

In the pathway below, normal signalling driving cell division requires a mitogen (ligand), an RTK, Ras and proteins X and Y. Which of the following statements is true about the genes that encode the mitogen and Ras in healthy cells? mitogen active Ras protein CYTOSOL GTP active signaling protein Y active receptor active signaling protein X tyrosine kinase CELL DIVISON

In the pathway below, normal signalling driving cell division requires a mitogen (ligand), an RTK, Ras and proteins X and Y. Which of the following statements is true about the genes that encode the mitogen and Ras in healthy cells? mitogen active Ras protein CYTOSOL GTP active signaling protein Y active receptor active signaling protein X tyrosine kinase CELL DIVISON

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter9: Cell Communication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 13RQ: A scientist observes a mutation in the transmembrane region of EGFR that eliminates its ability to...

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A scientist observes a mutation in the transmembrane region of EGFR that eliminates its ability to be stabilized by binding interactions during dimerization after ligand binding. Which hypothesis regarding the effect of this mutation on EGF signaling is most likely to be correct? EGF signaling cascades would be active for longer in the cell. EGF signaling cascades would be active for a shorter period of time in the cell. EGF signaling cascades would not occur. EGF signaling would be unaffected.
Put the following steps for the outline of the growth factor signaling pathway in order: Map Kinase Kinase is Phosphorylated Proteins involved in gene transcription are activated Growth factor binds to its receptor in the cytoplasmic membrane Receptor recruits adaptor protein and GEF Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the receptor Structural change of the receptor activates Tyrosine Kinase Map Kinase Kinase Kinase is phosphorylated Ras, a small GTPase, is activated by the exchange of GTP for GDP Map Kinase is Phosphorylated Map Kinase enters the nucleus
Two protein kinases, barley kinase and hops kinase, function sequentially in an intracellular signaling pathway. If either kinase contains a mutation that permanently inactivates it, no response is seen in cells when an extracellular signal is received. A mutation that permanently activates barley results in a response even when there is no extracellular signal. You characterize a double mutant in which hops has the inactivating mutation and barley has the activating mutation. You observe that a response is seen in the double mutants even in the absence of an extracellular signal. In the normal signaling pathway, does barley phosphorylate hops or does hops phosphorylate barley? Briefly explain your answer.
The G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway elicits diverse intracellular responses in different cells. The basic steps of GPCR signaling are outlined in this diagram. Which of the following statements correctly describes the process of GPCR signaling? The GPCR activation is reversible after the signal of the ligand diminishes. The membrane-embedded enzyme uses GTP as a secondary messenger to initiate gene expression. The ligand attaches to both the GPCR and the membrane-embedded enzyme to activate the GPCR pathway. The ligand-bound GPCR sends a GTP molecule to an enzyme in the membrane and switches it into an active state.
To move in a specific direction, a migrating cell must use extracellular cues to establish which portion of the cell will act as the front and which will act as the back. Describe how small GTPase proteins appear to be involved in the signaling pathways used by migrating cells to determine direction of movement.
In the RAD signaling pathway the EGF ligand binds the EGF receptor, this initiated a phosphorylation cascade that results in cell proliferation. Which of the following statements is correct: a. RAS protein is the sognal b. EGF ligand is the signal c. cell proliferation is the signal d. EGF receptor is the signal e. none of the above
Which of the following would be expected to inhibit PKC activation by a GPCR ligand? phospholipase C inhibitor cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor Ras inhibitor MAP kinase inhibitor
Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation and ultimately the size of organs in O.Extremus. In other closely related organisms, dysfunction of these pathways has been associated with tumor growth. mTOR pathway: 1. Growth factors bind and stimulate the receptors. 2. Receptors can activate the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) – Akt signaling pathway. 3. The activated Akt, a serine threonine kinase, inhibits theTSC1–TSC2 complex, allowing Rheb to activate mTORC1. 4. In parallel, amino acids activate the mTORC1 pathway through a mechanism requiring the Rag– Ragulator complex. Hippo pathway: 1. The binding of the ligand activates the receptors which activate Mst and Lats. 2. YAP activity is modulated by phosphorylation of Mst and Lats. YAP upregulates miR-29, which in turn downregulates PTEN, an inhibitor of PI(3)K and Akt. So, the two pathways crosstalk and coordinate cell number and growth. a) What purpose does this forward…
List three ways in which a signal is amplified in a Gprotein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.
In response to a hormone secreted by a cell of the opposite mating type, a yeast cell undergoes a complex series of physiological changes involving the activity of about 200 genes and cytoplasmic proteins. They include blockingDNA synthesis, growing toward the mating partner, fusion of the plasma membranes of the two cells, and fusion of their nuclear membranes. Explain how all these events can be controlled through a complex signaling cascade that is triggered by the binding of the hormone to a G protein–linkedreceptor.
In a clinical study, it was found that copaiba essential oil positively regulated multiple signaling pathways in neuronal cells. These included the following signaling pathways which regulate neuronal metabolism, proliferation and immunity: (Select all that apply.) Choose at least one answer. a. AMPK b. pI3K/Akt/mTOR c. MAPK d. JAK/STAT
Binding EGF to the EGF receptor causes phosphorylation of tyrosines on the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor. Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which this phosphorylation activates downstream signaling complexes? Select one A. Causes degradation of receptor by proteasome pathway B. Causes EGF receptor to be internalized so it can interact directly with downstream signaling molecules C. Tyrosine phosphorylation alters 3D structure of downstream signaling proteins causing them to change from an inactive to active conformation D. Causes release of EGF from receptor E. Alters the localization of downstream signaling partners in the cytoplasm