a clinical study, it was found that copaiba essential oil positively regulated multiple signaling pathways in neuronal cells. These included the following signaling pathways which regulate neuronal metabolism, proliferation and immunity: (Select all that apply.) Choose at least one answer. a. AMPK b. pI3K/
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- Paracrine signaling is characterized by ligands that are a. produced by the cell itself. b. secreted by neighboring cells. c. present on the plasma membrane of neighboring cells. d. secreted by distant cells.A researcher tested Compound A on chemotaxing cells and measured the relative amount of filamentous actin found in the cells at different times. Based on the researcher’s observations on filamentous actin, what other observation regarding cell chemotaxis was MOST likely observed? A. The cell moved toward the source of the signaling molecule only after the addition of Compound A. B. The cell moved away from the source of the signaling molecule only after the addition of Compound A. C. The cell first moved toward and then away from the signaling molecule after the addition of Compound A. D. The cell did not move toward or away from the signaling molecule after the addition of Compound A.Which of the following signaling mechanisms is not a switch mechanism? a. Changes in phosphorylation state b. Binding of GTP c. Binding of Ca2+ ion d. Protease activity
- A biochemist is designing a new drug that will mimic the shape and function of a particular intercellular signaling molecule. Therefore she must produce a molecule that will bind to the receptor protein and... A. produce a cellular response by altering the Na+/K+ pump located near the receptor site. B. induce a change in the receptor molecule shape, which will ultimately prevent a cellular response. C. induce a change in the receptor molecule shape, which will ultimately produce a cellular response. D. induce a change in the phospholipid bilayer that causes a polar reversal allowing the molecules to be endocytose (engulfed).What is the function of Ras during tyrosine kinase cell signaling? a. It activates the opening of channel-linked receptors. b. It is an enzyme that synthesizes second messengers. c. It links the receptor protein to the MAP kinase pathway. d. It phosphorylates other enzymes as part of a pathway.Where do DAG and IP3 originate? a. They are formed by phosphorylation of cAMP. b. They are ligands expressed by signaling cells. c. They are hormones that diffuse through the plasma membrane to stimulate protein production. d. They are the cleavage products of the inositol phospholipid, PIP2.
- Scaffold proteins (a) release kinases and phosphatases into the extracellular fluid (b) bind G proteins to cell membranes (c) increase accuracy but slow signaling cascades (d) organize groups of intracellular signaling molecules into signaling complexes (e) are transcription factors found mainly in plant cellsHow is an extracellular signal converted to an intracellular signal in signal transduction? Give a specific example.In this mechanim of receptor regulation, there is uncoupling of the signaling pathway. Even though the ligand is bound to the receptor located in the plasma membrane, downstream signaling is not occuring. This is best described as: Answers A-D A receptor internalization B receptor desensitization C receptor sensitization 5 D receptor downregulation
- Scaffold proteins (a) release kinases and phosphatases into the extracellular fluid (b) bind G proteins to cell membranes (c) increase accuracy but slow signaling cascades (d) organize groups of intracellular signaling moleculesinto signaling complexes (e) are transcription factors found mainly in plant cellsIn intercellular signaling pathways, some receptor proteins can also act as a transcription factor (changing gene expression), because these receptors are ________. A) Group of answer choices B) Intracellular receptors C) Membrane bound receptors D) G protein coupled receptors E) Enzyme linked receptors F) Fast ligand-gated ion channelsWhich components of the phosphoinositide signaling system are soluble and which are associated with the membrane?