1 The Nature Of Light 2 Geometric Optics And Image Formation 3 Interference 4 Diffraction 5 Relativity 6 Photons And Matter Waves 7 Quantum Mechanics 8 Atomic Structure 9 Condensed Matter Physics 10 Nuclear Physics 11 Particle Physics And Cosmology Chapter1: The Nature Of Light
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1.1CYU: Check Your Understanding Table 1.1 shows that ethanol and fresh water have very similar indices of... Problem 1.2CYU: Check Your Understanding In Table 1.1, the solid with the next highest index of refraction after... Problem 1.3CYU: Check Your Understanding At the surface between air and water, light rays can go from air to water... Problem 1.4CYU: Check Your Understanding In the preceding example. how much distance inside the block of flint glass... Problem 1.5CYU: Check Your Understanding in Example 1.6, we had n1n2. If n2were decreased such thatn1n2and the speed... Problem 1.6CYU: Check Your Understanding Although we did no specify the direction in Example 1.7, let’s say the... Problem 1.7CYU: Check Your Understanding What happens at Brewster’s angle if the original incident light is already... Problem 1CQ: Under what conditions can light be modeled like a ray? Like a wave? Problem 2CQ: Why is the index of refraction always greater than or equal to 1? Problem 3CQ: Does the fact that the light flash from lightning reaches you before its sound prove that the speed... Problem 4CQ: Speculate as to s1at physical process might be responsible for light traveling more slowly in a... Problem 5CQ: Using the law of reflection, explain how powder takes the shine off of a person’s nose. What is the... Problem 6CQ: Diffusion by reflection from a rough surface is described in this chapter. Light can also be... Problem 7CQ: Will 1igt change direction toward or away from the perpendicular when it goes from air to water?... Problem 8CQ: Exp1ain why an object in water always appears to be at a depth shallower than it actually is? Problem 9CQ: Explain why a person’s legs appear very short when wading in a pool. Justify your explanation with a... Problem 10CQ: Explain why an oar that is partially submerged in water appears bent. Problem 11CQ: A ring with a colorless gemstone is dropped into water.The gemstone becomes invisible when... Problem 12CQ: The most common type of mirage is an illusion that light from faraway objects is reflected by a pool... Problem 13CQ: How can you use total internal reflection to estimate the index of refraction of a medium? Problem 14CQ: Is it possible that total internal reflection plays a role in rainbows? Explain in terms of indices... Problem 15CQ: A high-quality diamond may be quite clear and colorless, transmitting all visible wavelengths with... Problem 16CQ: How do wave effects depend on the size of the object with which the wave interacts? For example, why... Problem 17CQ: Does Huygens’s principle apply to all types of waves? Problem 18CQ: If diffraction is observed for some phenomenon, it is evidence that the phenomenon is a wave. Does... Problem 19CQ: Can a sound wave in air be polarized? Explain. Problem 20CQ: No light passes through two perfect polarizing filters with perpendicular axes. However, if a third... Problem 21CQ: Explain what happens to the energy carried by light that it is dimmed by passing it through two... Problem 22CQ: When particles scattering light are much smaller than its wavelength, the amount of scattering is... Problem 23CQ: Using the information given in the preceding question, explain why sunsets are red. Problem 24CQ: When light is reflected at Brewster’s angle from a smooth surface, it Is 100’ polarized parallel to... Problem 25CQ: If you lie on a beach looking at the water with yow head tipped slightly sideways, your polarized... Problem 26P: What is the speed of light in water? In glycerine? Problem 27P: What is the speed of light in air? In crown glass? Problem 28P: Calculate the index of refraction for a medium in which the speed of light is 2.120108m/s , and... Problem 29P: In what substance in Table 1.1 is the speed of light 2.290108 m/s? Problem 30P: There was a major collision of an asteroid with the Moon in medieval times. It was described by... Problem 31P: Components of some computers communicate with each other through optical fibers having an index of... Problem 32P: Compare the time it takes for light to travel 1000 m on the surface of Earth and in outer space. Problem 33P: How far does light travel underwater during a time interval of 1.50106 s? Problem 34P: Suppose a man stands in front of a mm-or as show below. His eyes are 1.65 m above the floor and the... Problem 35P: Show that when light reflects from two mirrors that meet each other at a right angle, the outgoing... Problem 36P: On the Moon’s surface, lunar astronauts placed a comet reflector, off which a laser beam Is... Problem 37P: A flat mirror Is neither converging nor diverging. To prove this, consider two rays originating from... Problem 38P: A light beam in air has an angle of incidence of 35° at the surface of a glass plate. What are the... Problem 39P: A light beam in air is incident on the surface of a pond, making an angle of 20° with respect to the... Problem 40P: When a light ray crosses from water into glass, it emerges at an angle of 30with respect to the... Problem 41P: A pencil flashlight submerged in water sends a light beam toward the surface at an angle of... Problem 42P: Light rays from the Sun make a 30° angle to the vertical when seen from below the surface of a body... Problem 43P: The path of a light beam in air goes from an angle of incidence of 35° to an angle of refraction of... Problem 44P: A scuba diver training in a pool looks at his instructor as shown below. What angle does the ray... Problem 45P: (a) Using information in the preceding problem, find the height of the instructor’s head above the... Problem 46P: Verify that the critical angle for light going from water to air is 48.6°, as discussed at the end... Problem 47P: (a) At the end of Example 1.4, it was stated that the critical angle for light going from diamond to... Problem 48P: An optical fiber uses flint glass clad with crown glass. What is the critical angle? Problem 49P: At that minimum angle will you get total internal reflection of light traveling in water and... Problem 50P: Suppose you are using total internal reflection to make an efficient corner reflector. If there is... Problem 51P: You can determine the index of refraction of a substance by determining its critical angle. (a) What... Problem 52P: A ray of light, emitted beneath the surface of an unknown liquid with air above it, undergoes total... Problem 53P: Light rays fall normally on the vertical surface of the glass prism (n=1.50)shown below. (a) What is... Problem 54P: (a) What is the ratio of the speed of red light to violet light in diamond, based on Table 1.2? (b)... Problem 55P: A beam of white light goes from air into water at an incident angle of 75.0. At what angles are the... Problem 56P: By how much do the critical angles for red (660 nm) and violet (410 nm) light differ in a diamond... Problem 57P: (a) A narrow beam of light containing yellow (580 nm) and green (550 nm) wavelengths goes from... Problem 58P: A parallel beam of light containing orange (610 nm) and violet (4.10wm) wavelengths goes from fused... Problem 59P: A ray of 610-nm light goes from air into fused quartz at an incident angle of 55.0. At what incident... Problem 60P: A narrow beam of light containing red (660 nm) and blue (470 nm) wavelengths travels from air... Problem 61P: A narrow beam of white light enters a prism made of crown glass at a 45.0incident angle, as shown... Problem 62P: What angle is needed between the direction of polarized light and the axis of a polarizing filter to... Problem 63P: The angle been the axes of two polarizing filters is 45.00. By how much does the second filter... Problem 64P: Two polarizing sheets P1 and P2 are placed together with their transmission axes oriented at an... Problem 65P: Suppose that in the preceding problem the light incident on P1 is unpolarized. At the determined... Problem 66P: If you have completely polarized light of intensity 150 W/m2 , what will its intensity be after... Problem 67P: What angle would the axis of a polarizing filter need to make with the direction of polarized light... Problem 68P: At the end of Example 17, it was stated that the intensity of polarized light is reduced to 90.0% of... Problem 69P: Show that if you have three polarizing filters, with the second at an angle of 45.0to the first and... Problem 70P: Three polarizing sheets are placed together such that the transmission axis of the second sheet is... Problem 71P: In order to rotate the polarization axis of a beam of linearly polarized light by 90.00, a student... Problem 72P: It is found that when light traveling in water falls on a plastic block, Brewster’s angle is 50.0°.... Problem 73P: At what angle ill lig1t reflected from diamond be completely polarized? Problem 74P: What is Brewster’s angle for light traveling in water that is reflected from crown glass? Problem 75P: A scuba diver sees light reflected from the water’s surface. At what angle relative to the water’s... Problem 76AP: From his measurements, Roemer estimated that it took 22 mm for light to travel a distance equal to... Problem 77AP: Cornu performed Fizeau’s measurement of the speed of light using a wheel of diameter 4.00 cm that... Problem 78AP: Suppose you have an unknown clear substance immersed in water, and you wish to identify it by... Problem 79AP: Shown below is a ray of light going from air through crown glass into water, such as going into a... Problem 80AP: Considering the previous problem, show that 3is the same as it would be if the second medium were... Problem 81AP: At what angle is light inside crown glass completely polarized when reflected from water, as in a... Problem 82AP: Light reflected at 55.6° from a window is completely polarized. What is the window’s index of... Problem 83AP: (a) Light reflected at 62.5° from a gemstone in a ring is completely polarized. Can the gem be a... Problem 84AP: If bis Brewster’s angle for light reflected from the top of an interface between two substances, and... Problem 85AP: Unreasonable results Suppose light travels from water to another substance, with an angle of... Problem 86AP: Unreasonable results Light traveling from water to a gemstone strikes the surface at an angle of... Problem 87AP: If a polarizing filter reduces the intensity of polarized light to 50.0% of its original value, by... Problem 88AP: Suppose you put on two pairs of polarizing sunglasses with their axes at an angle of 15.0 . . How... Problem 89AP: (a) On a day when the intensity of sunlight is 1.00kW/m2 , a circular lens 0.200 m in diameter... Problem 90CP: Light shows staged with lasers use moving mirrors to swing beams and create colorful effects. Show... Problem 91CP: Consider sunlight entering Earth’s atmosphere at sunrise and sunset—that is, at 90.0incident angle.... Problem 92CP: A light ray entering an optical fiber surrounded by air is first refracted and then reflected as... Problem 93CP: A light ray falls on the left face of a prism (see below) at the angle of incidence for which the... Problem 94CP: If the apex angle in the previous problem is 20.0° and n = 1.50, what is the value of a? Problem 95CP: The light incident on polarizing sheet P1is linearly polarized at an angle of 30.00 with respect to... Problem 96CP: Prove that if I is the intensity of light transmitted by two polarizing filters with axes at an... Problem 26P: What is the speed of light in water? In glycerine?
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Is the speed of light constant? Explain with optical and physical relations
Definition Definition Rate at which light travels, measured in a vacuum. The speed of light is a universal physical constant used in many areas of physics, most commonly denoted by the letter c . The value of the speed of light c = 299,792,458 m/s, but for most of the calculations, the value of the speed of light is approximated as c = 3 x 10 8 m/s.
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