It has been suggested from study of cell cultures in a lab setting (not demonstrated in living tissue within a human) that an mRNA vaccine can produce short segments of DNA by reverse transcription. At any given time, trillions of viruses are active in a human body and viral DNA is added to the human genome by these viruses. How much viral DNA is present in the average young adult? How does this viral DNA affect the functioning of the cell/tissue/system/human? Is it permanent? Explain

It has been suggested from study of cell cultures in a lab setting (not demonstrated in living tissue within a human) that an mRNA vaccine can produce short segments of DNA by reverse transcription. At any given time, trillions of viruses are active in a human body and viral DNA is added to the human genome by these viruses. How much viral DNA is present in the average young adult? How does this viral DNA affect the functioning of the cell/tissue/system/human? Is it permanent? Explain

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter11: Genome Alterations: Mutation And Epigenetics

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6QP: Although it is well known that X-rays cause mutations, they are routinely used to diagnose medical...

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Although it is well known that X-rays cause mutations, they are routinely used to diagnose medical problems, including potential tumors, broken bones, and dental cavities. Why is this done? What precautions need to be taken?
A few genes produce regulatory molecules that help the cell assemble proteins. The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. Which of the following statements best describes the role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis? * A. DNA is the primary genetic material contained within a cell. B. DNA is the long-term storage while RNA is the messenger containing instruction from DNA C. DNA creates protein during protein synthesis & converts it into usable molecules while RNA assembles amino acid into a protein. D. All of the above. Humans and chimpanzees share many common characteristics. How would you explain the similarities of the amino acid sequences that can be found in both organisms? * A. Two groups share a relatively common ancestor B. Humans evolved from chimpanzees C. Two groups belong to the same species D. Chimpanzees evolved from…
In a cell that produces only one type of protein, which of the following statements about the relationship between hnRNA and mRNA is TRUE? O Heterogeneous nuclear RNA is always larger than mRNA. O Heterogeneous nuclear RNA is always smaller than mRNA. O Heterogeneous nuclear RNA and mRNA are typically the same size. O Heterogeneous nuclear RNA is always the same molecule as mRNA. There is no consistent relationship between the size of the two molecules.
Chronic liver disease is common among HIV-infected patients, and is increasingly a cause of mortality and morbidity. The disease is usually a result of the destruction and altering of specific liver cell membrane proteins, which damages and kills liver cells. How does HIV influence this activity? A. Protein synthesis is altered in HIV patients due to the insertion of viral RNA. B. Liver disease is a side-effect of several HIV medications. C. HIV halts DNA transcription and inhibits protein synthesis. D. Liver disease is caused by the attack of the HIV virus on the organ itself
Which is NOT a true difference between messenger RNA and DNA? (i.e., which of the following statements is false?) DNA remains in the nucleus (except when the nuclear envelope breaks down during mitosis), whereas mRNA is never in the nucleus; it is always in the cytoplasm. A DNA molecule has a longer life span than a typical molecule of RNA. DNA has thousands of genes; mRNA is usually a copy of just one gene. DNA has thousands of genes; mRNA is usually a copy of just one gene.
With the exception of retroviruses, the direction of transfer of genetic information in all living things is as follows: A. pRNA--> DNA--> mRNA--> protein. B. DNA--> tRNA--> protein C. protein--> DNA--> mRNA D. DNA--> mRNA--> protein
Geneticists are studying a malfunctioning protein that causes impaired endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. They have noticed that the amino acid sequence of the protein is truncated compared to normal controls. The mutated mRNA strand is isolated, and analysis shows a nonsense mutation located near the 3' end of the coding region. The 3' terminal coding sequence of the abnormal mRNA strand is shown below. 5`- AUG-ACC-ACU-CCA-CUG-UUG-UUC-CAA-GGG-GAG-AGC-UAG-GUC-CGG-GGC-GGA-AAA-UUU-UAA-3` Write down the tRNA anticodon responsible for adding the last amino acid?
Since all cells contain the same number of chromosomes and the overall same/similar genome how would the genome in a nerve cell work differently than the genome of a muscle cell? In other words what epigenetic processes cause these differences between cell types at the molecular level
Which of the following experimental results was NOT evidence that DNA is the genetic molecule rather than proteins? a. When a virus was radioactively labelled, and the virus was allowed to infect a bacteria cell, radioactive virus DNA was found inside the bacteria cell while radioactive virus proteins were found outside the cell. b. Dead pathogenic bacteria cells combined with living nonpathogenic bacteria cells caused the creation of living pathogenic cells and thus the death of the host animal. c. Proteins are a class of macromolecules with the diversity and specificity needed for hereditary material. d. Nucleotide bases occur regularly, such that the number of adenines = number of thymines, and the number of guanines = number of cytosines.
A scientist observing a cell during gene expression would be able to easily distinguish it as a prokaryotic cell by which of the following observations? Group of answer choices as soon as the DNA introns are removed from the template after the 5' caps are converted to mRNA after a transcription initiation complex has been formed during transcription once the pre-mRNA has been converted to mRNA 2. A scientist working in an IVF (in vitro fertilization) clinic mistakenly produced a human zygote with 45 chromosomes. What biological process could explain how this happened? Group of answer choices failure of an egg to complete meiosis II failure of the egg nucleus to be fertilized by the sperm a non-disjunction in meiotic anaphase occurring in either an egg or sperm incomplete cytokinesis during spermatogenesis after meiosis I
In many genetic disorders, a lysosomal enzyme required to degrade a specific molecule is missing or defective. One example of these maladies, often referred to as lysosomal storage diseases, is Tay-Sachs disease. Afflicted individuals inherit a defective gene from each parent that codes for an enzyme that degrades a complex lipid molecule. Symptoms include severe mental retardation and death before the age of 5 years. What is the nature of the process that is destroying the patient's cells? (Hint: Synthesis of the lipid molecule continues at a normal rate.)
Which of the following order of events correctly depicts the Central Dogma as it would occur in an eukaryotic organism? a. DNA --> Protein --> mRNA b. DNA --> Pre-mRNA --> mRNA --> Protein c. mRNA --> DNA --> Protein d. Protein --> DNA --> Pre-mRNA --> mRNA e. DNA --> mRNA --> Protein