Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the organic compounds that are obtained in foods and living matters in the shape of sugars, cellulose, and starch. The general formula of carbohydrates is Cn(H2O)2. The ratio of H and O present in carbohydrates is identical to water.
Starch
Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate that belongs to the category of polysaccharide carbohydrates.
Mutarotation
The rotation of a particular structure of the chiral compound because of the epimerization is called mutarotation. It is the repercussion of the ring chain tautomerism. In terms of glucose, this can be defined as the modification in the equilibrium of the α- and β- glucose anomers upon its dissolution in the solvent water. This process is usually seen in the chemistry of carbohydrates.
L Sugar
A chemical compound that is represented with a molecular formula C6H12O6 is called L-(-) sugar. At the carbon’s 5th position, the hydroxyl group is placed to the compound’s left and therefore the sugar is represented as L(-)-sugar. It is capable of rotating the polarized light’s plane in the direction anticlockwise. L isomers are one of the 2 isomers formed by the configurational stereochemistry of the carbohydrates.
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The solubility of Ag₂CO3 is measured and found to be 3.41×10-2 g/L. Use this information to calculate a Ksp value for silver carbonate.
Ksp = ___________
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The solubility of CaSO4 is measured and found to be 0.689 g/L. Use this information to calculate a Ksp value for calcium sulfate.
Ksp = ___________
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The solubility of BaF2 is measured and found to be 1.29 g/L. Use this information to calculate a Ksp value for barium fluoride.
Ksp = _________
(The attached picture is an example how to solve the given problems; The example's problem is The solubility of Ag2SO3 is measured and found to be 4.51x10-3 g/L. Use this information to calculate a Ksp value for silver sulfite.)
![ep 1. Write a balanced equation for the equilibrium and the Ksp expression.
Ag,S03(s) 2Ag*(aq) + S03² (aq)
Ksp = [Ag*]²[SO3²-]
ep 2. Use the solubility to calculate the ion concentrations at equilibrium.
If silver sulfite dissolves to the extent of 4.51x10 g/L of solution, the silver ion
concentration is:
4.51×10g Ag2S03
1 mol Ag2S03
2 mol Agt
[Ag*] =
3.05x10 5 M
%3D
1 L
295.81 g Ag2S03
1 mol Ag,S03
The sulfite ion concentration can be calculated from the silver ion concentration:
3.05x10 mol Ag*
-5
1 mol SO,2-
[So,2] =
1.52×10 5 M
%3D
1 L
2 mol Ag*](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F0a4e7880-3731-4736-9087-0e959d4f3aa8%2F90f67b3f-b583-44bc-b447-2f40de48face%2F2360lk_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
![The sulfite ion concentration can be calculated from the silver ion concentration:
3.05x10 mol Ag+
1 mol SO32
[So3²] =
1.52×10-5 M
%3D
%3D
1 L
2 mol Ag*
Step 3. Use the equilibrium concentrations to calculate Ksp-
Ksp = [Ag*]?[SO32] = (3.05×105)2(1.52×10-5) = 1.42×10-14
Alternately, you can use the relationship between the cation and anion concentrations for
this salt ([Ag+] = 2 x [SO,²1) to calculate Ksp:
Ksp = [Ag*]2 [S03²] = (2[SO,2 ])²([SO,²]) = 4 [So,2 ]3 = 4 (1.52x10 5)3 =
1.42x10 14
For silver sulfite the tabulate value for Ksp = 1.5×10 14. In this case, the value based on the
observed solubility was low by 5 %.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F0a4e7880-3731-4736-9087-0e959d4f3aa8%2F90f67b3f-b583-44bc-b447-2f40de48face%2Froatb9c_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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