Main elements of Electric Power System except A. Electricity Generation B. Single Phase Transformer Transmission Line D. Distribution System
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- A 130-MVA,13.2-kV three-phase generator, which has a positive-sequence reactance of 1.5 per unit on the generator base, is connected to a 135-MVA,13.2/115Y-kV step-up transformer with a series impedance of (0.005+10.1) per unit on its own base. (a) Calculate the per-unit generator reactance on the transformer base. (b) The load at the transformer terminals is 15 MW at unity power factor and at 115 kV Choosing the transformer high-side voltage as the reference phasor, draw a phasor diagram for this condition. (C) For the condition of part (b), find the transformer low-side voltage and the generator internal voltage behind its reactance. Also compute the generator output power and power factor.With the same transformer banks as in Problem 3.47, Figure 3.41 shows the oneline diagram of a generator, a step-up transformer bank, a transmission line, a stepown transformer bank, and an impedan load. The generator terminal voltage is 15 kV (line-to-line). (a) Draw the per-phase equivalent circuit, aounting for phase shifts for positive-sequence operation. (b) By choosing the line-to-neutral generator terminal voltage as the reference, determine the magnitudes of the generator current, transmiss ion-line current, load current, and line-to-line load voltage. Also, find the three-phase complex power delivered to the load.Consider the oneline diagram shown in Figure 3.40. The three-phase transformer bank is made up of three identical single-phase transformers, each specified by X1=0.24 (on the low-voltage side), negligible resistance and magnetizing current, and turns ratio =N2/N1=10. The transformer bank is delivering 100 MW at 0.8 p.f. lagging to a substation bus whose voltage is 230 kV. (a) Determine the primary current magnitude, primary voltage (line-to-line) magnitude, and the three-phase complex power supplied by the generator. Choose the line-to-neutral voltage at the bus, Va as the reference Account for the phase shift, and assume positive-sequence operation. (b) Find the phase shift between the primary and secondary voltages.
- Consider Figure 3.4. For an ideal phase-shifting transformer, the imda nce is unchanged when it is referred from one side to the other. (a) True (b) FalseThree single-phase two-winding transformers, each rated 25MVA,54.2/5.42kV, are connected to form a three-phase Y- bank with a balanced Y-connected resistive load of 0.6 per phase on the low-voltage side. By choosing a base of 75 MVA (three phase) and 94 kV (line-to-line) for the high-voltage side of the transformer bank, specify the base quantities for the low-voltage side. Determine the per-unit resistance of the load on the base for the low-voltage side. Then determine the load resistance RL in ohms referred to the high-voltage side and the per-unit value of this load resistance on the chosen base.What are FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems) devices, and how do they enhance the control and stability of power systems?
- A 50-kVA 13.8-kV/208-V (rms, line-line) ∆−Ythree-phase distribution transformer has a per-unit resistance of 1 percent and a per-unit reactance of 0.07 pu. Neglect the excitation branchelements, and answer the following questions. (a) What is the transformer’s phase impedance referred to the high-voltage side? Calculate it inΩ. (b) Calculate this transformer’s voltage regulation using the calculated high-side impedance inΩ if it supplies a full load at 0.866 PF lagging. (c) Calculate this transformer’s voltage regulation under the same conditions, using the per-unitsystem.(d) Calculate this transformer’s efficiency in percent if it supplies a full load at 0.866 PF lagging.Three single-phase two-winding transformers, each rated 25 MVA, 54.2/5.42 kV, are connected to form a three-phase Y–delta bank with a balanced Y-connected resistive load of 0.6 ohms per phase on the low-voltage side. By choosing a base of 75 MVA (three phase) and 94 kV (line-to-line) for the high-voltage side of the transformer bank, specify the base quantities for the low-voltage side. Determine the per-unit resistance of the load on the base for the low-voltage side. Then determine the load resistance RL in ohms referred to the high-voltage side and the per-unit value of this load resistance on the chosen base.Consider a bank of three single-phase two-winding transformers whose high-voltage terminals are connected to a three-phase, 13.8-kV feeder. The low-voltage terminals are connected to a three-phase substation load rated 2.0 MVA and 2.5 kV. Determine the required voltage, current, and MVA ratings of both windings of each transformer, when the high-voltage/low-voltage windings are connected (a) Y–D, (b) D–Y, (c) Y–Y, and (d) D–D.
- A 400-MVA, 240-kV/24-KV, three-phase Y-A transformer has an equivalent series impedance of 1.2 + j6 per phase referred to the high-voltage side. The transformer is supplying a three-phase load of 400 MVA, 0.8 power factor lagging at a terminal voltage of 24 kV (line to line) on its low- voltage side. The primary is supplied from a feeder with an impedance of 0.6 + j1.2 per phase. Determine the line-to-line voltage at the high-voltage terminals of the transformer and the sending-end of the feeder Solve Problem 3.9 with the same given data except that theconnection is Delta-WyeWhat is the difference between the per-unit negative sequence circuits for a Y − Y configured transformer and a Δ − Δ connected transformer? a. The circuits are identical. b. There is a phase shift in the Δ − Δ transformer. c. The Y − Y transformer has a neutral grounding impedance Zn.Three single-phase two-winding transformers, each rated 3kVA,220/110volts,60Hz, with a 0.10 per-unit leakage reactance, are connected as a three-phase extended autotransformer bank, as shown in Figure 3.36(c). The low-voltage winding has a 110 volt rating. (a) Draw the positive-sequence phasor diagram and show that the high-voltage winding has a 479.5 volt rating. (b) A three-phase load connected to the low-voltage terminals absorbs 6 kW at 110 volts and at 0.8 power factor lagging. Draw the per-unit impedance diagram and calculate the voltage and current at the high-voltage terminals. Assume positive-sequence operation.