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- In the tradeoff between economic output and environmental protection, what do the combinations on the protection possibility curve represent?The rows in Table 12.7 show three market-oriented tools for reducing pollution. The columns of the table show three complaints about command-and-control regulation. Fill in the table by stating briefly how each market-oriented tool addresses each of the three concerns.In what ways (it) company investments in research and development create positive externalities?
- (a) Explain the difference between a positive externality and a negative externality and why each result in an equilibrium point that is not optimal for society. (b) which externality results in an equilibrium quantity that is higher than the optimal social quantity of a good? (c) how can the impact of the externality in part b be corrected?a. How much does consumers surplus rise when the government completely subsidizes bike trips? B. How much do external benefits increase when the government completely subsidized bike trip? C. Do Social benefits outweigh the social costs of this subsidv? By how muchTable 1Buyer Willingness To PayLori $50.00Audrey $30.00Zach $20.00Calvin $10.002. Refer to Table 1. If the price of the product is $15, then who would be willing to purchase theproduct?a. Lorib. Lori and Audreyc. Lori, Audrey, and Zachd. Lori, Audrey, Zach, and Calvin3. Refer to Table 1. If price of the product is $30, then the total consumer surplus isa. $-10.b. $-6.c. $20.d. $30.
- Suppose that you are an economic-policy advisor. Environmental groups are pressuring you toimplement the highest-possible carbon tax, whileindustry groups are pressuring you to implementno carbon tax at all. Both argue that their positionmakes more sense economically. Explain to themwhat the most-efficient tax level will be, and whythere are costs to setting the tax too high or toolowb) Discuss and explain the concept of positive return toscale showing it relationship with the quantity ofproduction.Write down a model of positive production externality with two firms, in which theproduction activities of one firm directly affects the production/cost of the other firm.State and explain the key assumptions of the model. Using the model, answer thefollowing questions:(a) Explain why the presence of a positive production externality could prevent therealisation of an efficient outcome.(b) Name a possible cure for the positive production externality and explain how itcould solve the inefficiency problem.
- a. What type of market failure would you categorize street lights that are not working? b. Base on the question above, discuss why the type of market failure occur. c. Suggest two relevant Government policies that would yeild the efficient outcome and explain the process through which the implementation of the policies will lead to optimal out come.Two towns, each with three residents, are decidingwhether to put on a fireworks display to celebrate theNew Year. Fireworks cost $360. In each town, somepeople enjoy fireworks more than others.a. In the town of Bayport, each of the residentsvalues the public good as follows:Frank $50Joe $100Callie $300Would fireworks pass a cost–benefit analysis?Explain.b. The mayor of Bayport proposes to decide bymajority rule and, if the fireworks referendumpasses, to split the cost equally among allresidents. Who would vote in favor, and whowould vote against? Would the vote yield thesame answer as the cost–benefit analysis?c. In the town of River Heights, each of the residentsvalues the public good as follows:Nancy $20Bess $140Ned $160Would fireworks pass a cost–benefit analysis?Explain.d. The mayor of River Heights also proposes todecide by majority rule and, if the fireworksreferendum passes, to split the cost equallyamong all residents. Who would vote in favor,and who would vote against? Would…Fredo loves watching Downton Abbey on his localpublic TV station, but he never sends any money tosupport the station during its fund-raising drives.a. What name do economists have for people likeFredo?b. How can the government solve the problemcaused by people like Fredo?c. Can you think of ways the private market cansolve this problem? How does the option of cableTV alter the situation?