Methylation of certain lysine residues in histones leads to gene silencing, whereas methylation of other lysine residues in the same histones leads to transcriptional activation. How can methylation lead to these two different outcomes?
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- What condition must be fulfilled in order for histone modification to be considered an epigenetic phenomenon? Does DNA methylation meet that criterion? Explain.Histone methylation can have many different effects on gene expression. In some cases, histone methylation is associated with activation of transcription, whereas in other cases it can trigger the formation of heterochromatin and a decrease in transcription. If histone methylation has been detected in the region of gene YFG in yeast, describe an experiment that could distinguish whether the methylation is important to activate or repress transcription of gene YFG.Examination of the histone modifications around a gene reveals an abundance of histone H3 with lysine 27 modified with three methyl groups. Does this suggest that this gene is activated or repressed? How would your answer change if many lysine 27 residues were modified with acetyl groups?
- What is meant by the term histone code? With regard to gene regulation, what is the proposed role of the histone code?Methylation of H3K9 by itself silences genes, but if H3K4 and H4K20 are also methylated, the combination of modifications stimulates transcription. What conclusions can you draw about this?A drug called garcinol, is isolated from Garciniaindica (a fruit-bearing tree commonlyknown as kokum), is a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylase. Would you expect thisdrug to enhance or inhibit transcriptional initiation and elongation?
- In eukaryotes many transcriptional activators are dimers of related proteins. Assuming each dimer binds to one unique sequence, how many unique sequences can protein dimers derived from a family of six related proteins bind to?How does the binding of transcriptional regulator proteins to enhancers affect transcription at genes that are thousands of base pairs away?In general, explain how epigenetic modifications are an important mechanism for developmental changes that lead to specialized body parts and cell types. How do the trithorax and polycomb group complexes participate in thisprocess?
- What is the purpose of histone tail modification?A drug called garcinol, isolated from Garcinia indica (a fruitbearing tree commonly known as kokum), is a potent inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase. Would you expect this drug to enhance or inhibit transcriptional initiation and elongation?Explain why histone eviction is needed for the elongation phase of transcription.