Most hormones, such as peptide hormones, exert their effects by binding to cell- surface receptors. However, steroid hormones do so by binding to cytosolic receptors. How is this possible?

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A: Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions inside the…

Q: A mutation in troponin that increased its affinity for its ligand would lead to

A: Troponin protein helps to make muscle in rest Condition with the help of tropomyosin protein

Q: What would happen to a cell if it did not produce any autolysins? What if it produced too many in an…

A: autolysin is an enzyme that is capable of breaking apart peptidoglycan, a constituent of the cell.…

Q: Why are steroids able to diffuse across the plasma membrane? a. Their transport protein moves them…

A: Steroids are biological active compounds having four fused rings.All steroid are composed of four…

Q: What substance would you most expect to easily pass through a cell membrane (phospholipid layer)…

A: Cell membrane forms boundary of cell. It separates outside environment from inside environment.…

Q: Why do signaling responses that involve changesin proteins already present in the cell occur in…

A: Signaling responses that involve changes in proteins already present in the cell occur in…

Q: For most signaling molecules, explain why a signal transduction pathway is necessary

A: Introduction  As multicellular organisms are made up of a lot of cells, there must be coordination…

Q: Which of the following is NOT in common between GPCRS and RTKS? Both receptors are activated upon…

A: In the cell plasma membrane, several receptors are present, which help to transfer the extracellular…

Q: What are phosphatases and what is their role in twocomponent regulatory systems?

A: The two-component regulatory system (TCRS) are the important signaling system or the mediators of…

Q: What role does phosphorylation of tyrosine residues play in the action of receptor proteins? And why…

A: Receptors are protein structures that, when a ligand binds to them, transmit signals to cells. When…

Q: How can a dream about winning the lottery be based on activation-synthesis theory?

A: Activation-synthesis theory The theory refers to the neurobiological theory of dreams. It explains…

Q: What are the FOUR ways that protein function is regulated (function turned ON/OFF).  Explain each.

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Q: Why is cancer, which occurs as the result of disrupted cell cycle control, an example of the…

A: Cancer is a disease that is associated with uncontrolled division of cells and invasion of…

Q: Phospholipase A2 causes the release of what fatty acid from membrane phospholipids? What chemical…

A: Phospholipase is an enzyme that breaks down phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic…

Q: A molecule that terminates or opposes a phosphorylation-mediated pathway would be a ... O a)…

A: Introduction: The phosphorylation reaction occurs in cascades or series, with one enzyme activating…

Q: 45. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)s are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many…

A: The correct statements are: Option d. Only A, B and D.

Q: Even though the actual concentration inside a cell is above critical concentration, 50% of action is…

A: Actin participates in many important cellular processes, like muscle contraction, cell motility,…

Q: This question pertains to membrane transport and cell signaling.  What are kinases and phosphatases?…

A: Cell signaling pathway is an important biological process that involves as a series of reactions.…

Q: What are the possible outcomes of cell signaling?

A: Cell signaling refers to the biological phenomenon of cellular communication. The process of cell…

Q: What is the sequence of events that takes place in cell signaling?

A: Cell signaling can be described as the cellular mechanism through which a cell is allowed to detect…

Q: Why is an ER signal sequence from a plasma membrane protein not sufficient to send a cytosolic…

A: Protein targeting to individual organelles is an important process. Protiens are brought to the…

Q: Why do cell and organelles membranes need to have its components be amphipathic?

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Q: What is the benefit of using second messengers and phosphorylation cascades during the transduction…

A: Cell signaling involves the transmission of a signal from a sending cell to a receiving cell. Cells…

Q: Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as aldosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect…

A: Signaling molecules are biochemical molecules that are responsible for transmitting signals between…

Q: In the regulation of enzyme activity by phosphorylation (as discussed in class), the introduction of…

A: Introduction: Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions that occurs in the…

Q: What is the first step in the action of a messenger on a cell?

A: An intercellular messenger is a chemical released by the cell that has the ability to influence…

Q: Please answer question 1 Question 1 In order to prevent a specific event (step) from occurring in…

A: In eukaryotes ranging from yeast to humans, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules…

Q: ATP and GTP play a few roles during transcription and translation. What are two roles that ATP plays…

A: ATP and GTP have different roles during Transcription and translation.

Q: Unlike DNA nucleotides, which are found mostly in the nucleus, RNA nucleotides are found all over…

A: There are three types of RNA with prominent and significant functions in the cell: messenger RNA,…

Q: Which of these is NOT a second messenger molecule? a. inositol triphosphate b. cyclic guanine…

A: Ans : K+ ions are not second messenger. option d is the right answer.

Q: The G-proteins associated with GPCRS are made up of three subunits. In order to become active they…

A: G protein ha three subunit-  Alpha  Beta  Gamma

Q: Explain why cells contain an array of protein phosphatases as well as protein kinases.

A: Enzyme is a catalytic molecule that increases the rate of any chemical reaction without being used…

Q: Explain , What role does phosphorylation of tyrosine residues play in the action of receptor…

A: the phosphorylation of thyrosine residues play an important role in the action of receptor proteins…

Q: What will happen if an antagonistic compound disrupts the cellular machinery and prohibited the…

A: Eukaryotic cells contains RNA decay machinery that plays various essential roles in regulating both…

Q: What might happen to a cell if there are no steroids in its membrane?

A: Steroids in biological systems are substances that are produced for the smooth functioning of the…

Q: In an NMR experiment, if a ligand is added to a protein and formed a ligand-protein complex, almost…

A: Chemical shift perturbation is a common technique for demonstrating ligand binding to proteins,…

Q: Would an extracellular signal receptor protein mostly likely consist of type 1 or type 2 alpha…

A: Alpha helices are divided into three categories  1. Type I  These are short oligomers which strive…

Q: Why do you think that very small concentrations of BPA might have a large effect on the cell?

A: BISPHENOL A (BPA) is a small estrogenic monomer that is polymerized to produce polycarbonate plastic…

Q: why are steroids so useful as signaling molecules?

A: Hormones released into the bloodstream from endocrine gland cells and special cells in the…

Q: List three examples of steroid transport proteins.

A: Introduction: Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble. Therefore they are bound to certain proteins for…

Q: Gαq activates which of the following enzymes? a. phospholipase C b. PDK1 c. adenylate cyclase d. PKG

A: Gαq proteins is a subunit is heterotrimeric family of G proteins. The main function of Gαq proteins…

Q: Protein kinase A activates phosphorylase kinase, which in turn activates glycogen phosphorylase.…

A: Introduction Protein kinase A (PKA) is an enzyme family whose function is determined by cellular…

Q: c) Jean-François is studying a specific protein in a research laboratory. he observed that this…

A: Proteins are very senstive to the change in pH as they are functional at a narrow pH range. The…

Q: ospholipase C : IP3-DAG pathway,with diagram

A:

Q: Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a water-soluble signalingmolecule. Would you expect the receptor for…

A: NGF stands for nerve growth factor. It help to maintain and growth of nerve cells. These are…

Q: The steroid hormones provide a physiological example. These cholesterol relatives can pass through a…

A: The steroid hormones are steroids that behave and possess hormone-like properties. Steroid hormones…