Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as aldosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because only in target cells is aldosterone able to initiate a phosphorylation cascade that turns genes on. WHY?

Q: Explain how a kinase cascade works. Why is this advantageous in the context of hormone signaling?

A: When a signalling molecule (ligand) binds to the receptors on another another cell, a cascade of…

Q: How does an intracellular receptor regulate gene expression in the cell? Describe briefly what…

A: Intracellular receptors found inside the cell. Typically in the nucleus and cytoplasm. They are…

Q: What function do the cysteines serve in the structure of an opioid receptor? (think protein…

A: For instance, consider the general mechanism of binding of a ligand molecule to the receptor site.…

Q: Why do signaling responses that involve changesin proteins already present in the cell occur in…

A: Signaling responses that involve changes in proteins already present in the cell occur in…

Q: Why doesn't Cdk1 active immediately upon binding to cyclin B? What other components of the cell’s…

A: It includes cell division, replication and growth. All these processes should be carried out in a…

Q: NSULIN causes fat, liver, and muscle cells to take in glucose. In this situation the effector…

A: Insulin is a harmony which regulates the blood glucose level . Due to question answering guidelines…

Q: Which of the following statements is FALSE?  The mammalian glucocorticoid receptor: awaits the…

A: Cell signaling is part of any interactive activity that directs the basic activities of cells and…

Q: Some hormones act by binding to the promoters of particular genes in such a way that RNA polymerase…

A: Hormones are the organic substances that are produced in small amounts by specific glands, which are…

Q: which condition a trimeric G protein is activated by a cell-surface receptor, a. the a subunit…

A: The answer to this question is given below,

Q: Why is the GTPase activity of G proteins crucial to the proper functioning of a cell? Why have G…

A: GTPass activities are performed by the GTPases which are the families of hydrolase enzymes. G…

Q: Explain The Sevenless signaling pathway?

A: Sevenless signalling pathway is also known as Receptor Tyrosine Kinase pathway (RTK). RTK is a…

Q: ow would a mutation in G-alpha that increases its GTPase activity affect liver cell responses to…

A: Epinephrine acts through Adrenergic receptor which is G protein-coupled receptor. G protein-coupled…

Q: Hormone Concentration (nM) Protein 1 Protein 2 Protein 3 0.2 0.048 0.29 0.17 0.5 0.11 0.5 0.33 1 0.2…

A: Hormone binding to receptor molecules can be determined by its affinity of binding. Hormone with…

Q: Provide an overview of the cell signaling process.

A: Cell signalling forms a part of a communication process that co-ordinates multiple actions of the…

Q: Please answer all question below. These are all the questions left. Question 7: Select one answer.…

A: Aldosterone is a hormone that is released by the adrenal gland in response to low blood pressure and…

Q: Cell signaling in plant and animal cells is similar in some ways and different in others. What are…

A: Cell signaling means cells present in organisms interact with surrounding and other cells for proper…

Q: Certain types of cancerous lung tumors can secrete hormones normally made by the pancreas, adrenal…

A: Lung neoplasms are a form of cancer that occurs in the lung cells most likely in individuals who…

Q: Describe some of the protein domains that are commonly found within signaling proteins.

A: A protein domain is a region of the proteins polypeptide chains that is self stabilizing and that…

Q: Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as testosterone, cross the membrane of all cells but only…

A: The lipid-soluble hormones are lipophilic hormones that can easily diffuse through the plasma…

Q: Why does signaling always involve a cascade of multiple enzymatic reactions?

A: The answer is - to Amplify one signal into response that involves many enzymes.  For Example- in a…

Q: what happen if the first nucleotide were switched from G to C? How  would this affect the insulin…

A: Substitution mutation :It is the result of replication error on single site (point mutation). This…

Q: How does a compound that inhibits the GTPase activity of G-alpha affect liver cell responses to…

A: The G alpha helps in the breakdown of the glycogen breakdown rapidly, however it could be stopped…

Q: You are in a research lab studying the function of the mutated form of a receptor called Protein X,…

A: Protein X can be the Thyroid hormone receptor. The correct option is d.  Thyroid hormone is…

Q: propose three festurs of a model to connect the genetic mutation you oredicted with the activity of…

A: Introduction: An adjustment in a sequence of DNA is known as mutation. Mutations can result from DNA…

Q: For cellular transduction, why is it useful that phosphorylation cascades have a series of protein…

A: Phosphorylation plays an essential role in regulating cellular processes like growth, cell cycle,…

Q: To understand how a signaling pathway works, it is often useful to isolate the cell-surface receptor…

A: In recent years, affinity chromatography, a liquid chromatographic technique for separation and…

Q: a hormone receptor gene is deleted from the genome of a cell.in the absence of the hormone,what…

A: A hormone receptor is a receptor molecule that binds to a specific hormone. These receptors could be…

Q: Where do DAG and IP3 originate? a. They are formed by phosphorylation of cAMP. b. They are ligands…

A: diacylglycerol (DAG) consist of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule…

Q: The G-proteins associated with GPCRS are made up of three subunits. In order to become active they…

A: G protein ha three subunit-  Alpha  Beta  Gamma

Q: Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved catabolic process devoted to the degradation of intracellular…

A: Introduction :  Autophagy is the natural process of  break down and destroying old , damaged cells…

Q: For instance, β-catenin is involved in cellular adhesion as well as proliferation.  Estrogen can be…

A: Estrogen works by binding to the ER.It includes two types ER alpha and ER beta and the two receptors…

Q: You have a signaling pathway as follows: a hydrophilic signal molecule binds to its receptor,…

A: Signal is amplified when a single process activates a lot of proteins so, phosphorylation by kinase…

Q: II R G-PAP G-PIP/ H= Hormone R= Membrane receptor G=G protein G-PAP= G-protein activating protein…

A: Hormones are considered chemical messengers, which relay signals to the cells and helps them cell to…

Q: Consider the nature of cell signaling pathway outcomes. Which of the following is a benign mutation…

A: The correct option is C Results in increased p53 Activity. explanation  In a normal cell there are…

Q: If a cell wants to directly affect transcription of genes by utilizing cell signaling which of the…

A: Signalling molecules or ligands  are those which carries the specific information. Signalling…

Q: Why is the GTPase activity of G proteins crucial to the proper functioning of a cell? Propose a…

A: GTPase activities are performed by the GTPases which are the families of hydrolase enzymes. G…

Q: What happens after a signaling molecule binds to its receptor and flips a molecular switch?

A: The cell detects its signal, a nearby cell detects its compatible receptor for that signal. The…

Q: a) What you can expect for gene α regulation by this ligand? What signaling mechanism could be used?…

A: Cell signal involves three major steps- 1) binding of extracellular signaling molecules (ligands) to…

Q: In intercellular signaling pathways, some receptor proteins can also act as a transcription factor…

A: Cell signalling is a series of reactions resulting in changes in cell metabolism.

Q: In the early Drosophila embryo, there seems to be no requirement for the usual forms of cell–cell…

A: Drosophila is the genus of fly that belongs to the family of Drosophilidae that is commonly known as…

Q: c) Jean-François is studying a specific protein in a research laboratory. he observed that this…

A: Proteins are very senstive to the change in pH as they are functional at a narrow pH range. The…

Q: The G-protein Ras is involved in proliferative signaling, and is mutated is a large fraction of…

A: Ras is the family of small GTPase proteins that are involved in cellular signal transduction. Ras…

Q: In the pathway below, normal signalling driving cell division requires a mitogen (ligand), an RTK,…

A: Mutations are alterations in the DNA sequence of an organism. Small changes, such as adding or…

Q: When a trimeric G protein is activated by a cell-surface receptor: the a subunit exchanges its bound…

A: The correct option is A the alpha subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP. G proteins are molecular…

Q: The expression patterns as well as activation of different types of CDKs happen at different stages…

A: They serve a core function of regulating the cell cycle and belong to a family of protein kinases.…

Q: What common features are shared by most cell signaling systems?

A: The key membrane-bound unit that contains the basic molecules of life and is composed of which all…

Q: Hormone Concentration (nM) Protein 1 Protein 2 Protein 3 0.2 0.048 0.29 0.17 0.5 0.11 0.5 0.33 1 0.2…

A: Ligands are chemical (or biochemical) species that bind to a protein. In biological systems, almost…

Q: In the above signalling diagram, hormone H binds to both an intracellular and a cell surface…

A: The transmembrane domain is not found in intracellular hormone proteins.

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.