My textbook says:"Protein encoding genes control protein production indirectly, using a related molecule called RNA as an intermediary. The sequences of nucleotides along a gene is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into a linked series of protein building blocks called amino acids."My question is, do only protein encoding genes control protein production indirectly through RNA or do all genes do this?

If an extra nucleotide is inserted in the first exon of the beta globin gene, what effect will it have on the amino acid sequence of the globin polypeptides? Will the globin most likely be fully functional, partly functional, or nonfunctional? Why?

What happens when one base pair of DNA is lost from the coding region of a gene because of mutation? First explain how this would affect the mRNA sequence, and second, explain how this would alter the amino acid of the protein that is encoded.

Given the following mRNA sequence, what is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide that will be produced in the cell?   5’ – CGAGGUAUGCCAACGUGCGUCUAAUCCCGA-3

How would a DNA codon sequence influence the shape and the expression of the allele?How a feedback mechanism, that regulates the use of cyclic phosphorylation is similar to feedback inhibition mechanisms that control the production of isoleucine?

How do we know that mRNA exists and serves as an intermediate between information encoded in DNA and its concomitant gene product?

How is it possible that a given mRNA in a cell is found throughout the cytoplasm but the protein that it encodes is only found in a few specific regions of the cytoplasm? Cite a few different possibilities.

If the mRNA transcribed for this gene will be translated into a functional protein, how many amino acids will be used to build the polypeptide chain? what is the amino acid coded by the 25th codon? what is the amino acid coded by the last codon?

If the coding region of a gene (the exons) contains 2,100 base pairs of DNA, would a missense mutation causes a protein to be shorter, longer, or the same length as the normal 700 amino acid proteins? What would be the effect of a nonsense mutation? A sense mutation?

Number the following steps of protein synthesis in the order in which they occur, starting with 1 and ending with 9.a. _____ The stop codon is reached, and the polypeptide is released.b. _____ The small ribosomal subunit finds the start codon, and the large ribosomal subunit joins.c. _____ The end of the gene is reached, and the pre-mRNA is released and then edited.d. _____ The transcription factor binds the promoter.e. _____ The protein is folded and modified to become functional.f. _____ RNA polymerase builds the mRNA transcript.g. _____ mRNA and initiator tRNA bind the small ribosomal subunit.h. _____ New tRNA molecules are brought into the A site successively, and the peptide chain of the tRNA in the P site is joined to the amino acid of the tRNA in the A site.i. _____ mRNA exits the nucleus via a nuclear pore.