Name two control mechanisms that play a role in glycogen biosynthesis. Give an example of each.

Q: Please describe why a deficiency in aspartate aminotransferase would lead to an increase in…

A: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is a transaminase enzyme catalyzing the transformation of aspartate…

Q: Please describe the steps by which the carbons in ketogenic amino acids could be incorporated into…

A: Ketogenic amino acids: The carbon skeletons are catabolized to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate and can…

Q: describe the mechanism of the phosphoglucoisomerase reaction

A:

Q: [ALPHABETICAL ORDER] Name the first of 13 glucogenic amino acids that convert to an intermediate…

A: Glucogenic aminoacids are those that form an intermediate precursor of glucose which are converted…

Q: Name two forms of control of enzymatic action. Which of the two is more important in control of…

A: Enzymes are specialized proteins that can catalyze biochemical reactions. Enzymes can be classified…

Q: what is the regulatory step during cholesterol biosynthesis?

A: Cholesterol is found in both membranes and lipoproteins. Cholesterol synthesis is an…

Q: Name the molecules used for gluconeogenesis. What are the sources of these molecules? Under what…

A: Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic process by which organisms produce sugars (namely glucose) for…

Q: Why lactose cannot be used to replace IPTG?

A: Why lactose can not be used to replace IPTG? IPTG:- isopropyl thiogalactopyranoside usually mimic…

Q: How is the pentose phosphate pathway controlled?

A: The pentose phosphate pathway is a metabolic pathway that runs parallel to glycolysis. It is also…

Q: What is the difference between ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids?

A: Proteins are made of monomers, the amino acids, linked by peptide bonds. The proteins are required…

Q: Which of the following are associated with a highly active Glycogen Phosphorylase pathway?

A: Glycogen phosphrylase is an enzyme which undertakes phosphoroclastic cleavage into glycogen, thus…

Q: Which of the following does not correctly describe the isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in…

A: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate along…

Q: What cofactors are involved in one-carbon transfer reactions of amino acid anabolism?

A: Introduction: Every last one of the 20 normally occurring amino acids goes through its own…

Q: What are the two pathways of amino acid catabolism? Discuss briefly

A: Amino acids are the constituents/building blocks of proteins. They have an alpha carbon bonded to 4…

Q: What is the difference between glutamine synthetase andglutaminase?

A: Enzymes are proteins that have catalytic powers.

Q: Why is it advantageous for two control mechanisms —allosteric control and covalent modification— to…

A: Enzymes are the proteins which act as a catalyst in chemical reactions. Enzymes never take part in…

Q: Is the glycogen synthase reaction exergonic or endergonic? What is the reason for your answer?

A: Glycogen is a polysaccharide that generates energy storage functions in animals, bacteria, fungi,…

Q: Why is it essential that the mechanisms that activate glycogen synthesis also deactivate glycogen…

A: Glycogen is a polysaccharide that facilitates the energy storage functions in animals, bacteria,…

Q: Briefly discuss the process of glycogen synthesis in step by step

A: Glycogen synthesis , also called glycogenesis is the process by which the liver polymerize excess…

Q: Describe the role of glutamine and glutamate in amino acid metabolism.

A: Amino groups of most of the amino acids are transferred to α-ketoglutarate to form glutamate this is…

Q: [ALPHABETICAL ORDER] Name the eleventh of 13 glucogenic amino acids that convert to an intermediate…

A: Amino acids are classified into two different types based upon their catabolic pathways: Glucogenic…

Q: If G6P is labeled at its C2 position, where will the label appear in the products of the pentose…

A: The alternative pathway of glucose oxidation is the pentose phosphate pathway that includes two…

Q: Which amino acids can be converted to pyruvate by a single enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

A: Pyruvate is a three-carbon compound that is the end product of the glycolysis pathway. Pyruvate is…

Q: Why is it advantageous that breakdown of glycogen gives rise to glucose-6-phosphate rather than to…

A: Introduction The phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen results in the formation of glucose-6-phosphate…

Q: Name the following pathways:(a) Pathway for synthesis of glycogen(b) Pathway for release of glucose…

A: A metabolic pathway is a set of chemical reactions linked to one another and feeds to one another.…

Q: Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the addition of UDP-glucose to the growing…

A: Glycogenesis is the addition of glucose molecules to glycogen chains for storing purposes. This…

Q: Describe briefly how b-oxidation of an odd-chain fatty acid is different from that for an even-chain…

A: The fatty acids are the basic building block units of lipid molecules. These fatty acids are…

Q: Discuss briefly but concisely the importance of the following metabolic pathway.  D.…

A: Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that keep organisms alive. Food is broken down into…

Q: What enzymes are required for the synthesis of a glycogen particle starting from glucose…

A: Glycogen : It is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage…

Q: What is an isoenzyme? Give two examples.

A: All enzymes are protein except Ribozymes which is RNA acting as enzyme.   Enzymes increases the rate…

Q: What is the source of the energy needed to incorporate glucose residues into glycogen? How is it…

A: Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in…

Q: Is AMP an allosteric inhibitor or activator of glycogen phosphorylase in the muscle or liver

A: Muscle glycogen phosphorylase: AMP act as activator of glycogen phosphorylase -a form (active form)…

Q: Write the difference between hexokinase and glucokinase.

A: Hexokinase and glucokinase are the types of isoenzymes . Isoenzymes are physically distinct forms of…

Q: What is an example of a biomolecule that interacts with Insulin? Please give a detailed explanation…

A: Hormones are chemical messengers that transmit instructions from one cell to another. They are the…

Q: what is one physiological consequence that might occur if gluconeogenesis was the exact opposite of…

A: Gluconeogenesis is a process by which glucose molecules are produced from non-carbohydrate…

Q: What is the key regulatory enzyme for glycogenolysis?

A: Phosphorylase kinase, glycogen phosphorylase are the key regulatory enzymes for glycogenolysis.

Q: What are the substrates and products of the reaction catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase?  Add names

A: Glycogenolysis is a process in which glycogen is converted into glucose.

Q: Give a schematic diagram of how we can nonpharmacologically manage Lactose Intolerance ?

A: Lactose intolerance is incapacity to process lactose found in milk products. it causes digestive…

Q: Explain why people with a hereditary deficiency of carnitine acyltransferase II have muscle…

A: Carnitine acyltransferase II is a mitochondrial membrane protein which is transported mitochondrial…

Q: List the three enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis and describe the types of reactions they…

A: Glycogenesis is the process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of…

Q: Which part of the cell does fatty acid biosynthesis take place? List the reactions and enzymes in…

A: Fatty acid synthesis is the process of making fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH by employing…

Q: Outline the mechanisms of the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis.

A: Cholesterol biosynthesis : Biosynthesis of cholesterol generally takes place in the endoplasmic…

Q: Identify the two stages of the pentose phosphate pathway, and explain how the pathway is coordinated…

A: In HMP pathway, hexoses are converted to pentoses, the most important being ribose -5-phosphate.…

Q: What are three heterotropic allosteric regulators of glycogen phosphorylase? Describe their effects.

A: One of the phosphorylase enzymes is Glycogen Phosphatase. Glycogen phosphorylase releases…

Q: Gluconeogenesis takes place during intense exercise, which seems counterintuitive. Why would an…

A: Introduction: The chemical reactions that occur inside the living body for the formation of energy…

Q: What is a glucogenic amino acid? Give three examples.

A: The Fate of carbons in amino acid degradation involves in the classification of amino acids into two…

Q: what linkage does glycogen synthase catalyzes?

A: Glycogen synthase is an enzyme involved in glycogen synthesis. Glycogen is synthesized from extra…

Metabolic pathways

Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.