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- Which of the following sequences on a DNA moleculewould be complementary to GCTTATAT?a. TAGGCGCGb. ATCCGCGCc. CGAATATAd. TGCCTCTCProtein-coding sequences are the only highly conserved regions in our genomeTrueFalseA mutational event inserts an extra nucleotide pair intoDNA. Which of the following outcomes do you expect?(1) No protein at all; (2) a protein in which one aminoacid is changed; (3) a protein in which three amino acidsare changed; (4) a protein in which two amino acids arechanged; (5) a protein in which most amino acids afterthe site of the insertion are changed.
- Given the following coding sequence for DNA, provide the sequence of the complementary(template) sequence. 5’ ATGCATAGATTAGGATATCCCAGATAG 3’A segment of DNA has the following sequence:TTGGATGCTGAACCTACGACA. What would the sequence be immediately after reaction withnitrous acid? Let the letters H represent hypoxanthine and Urepresent uracil.B. Let’s suppose this DNA was reacted with nitrous acid. Thenitrous acid was then removed, and the DNA was replicated fortwo generations. What would be the sequences of the DNAproducts after the DNA had replicated two times? (Note:Hypoxanthinepairs with cytosine.) Your answer should containthe sequences of four double helices.For DNA ORF ATG.CTG.GTA.CTN.GTA.AAA, where N stand for any nucliotide (A, T, G, C) claculate the probablity of occurance of any nucliotide at position N.
- 6. How do you know if the halibut you purchased at thesupermarket is really halibut? To identify the sourceof a biological sample, scientists PCR amplify andthen sequence a region of DNA known to vary between species. For animals, this DNA region is a648–base pair portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. The sequence of this mtDNAregion acts as a so-called DNA barcode because adatabase exists that contains the sequences of thismtDNA region that are unique for hundreds ofthousands of animal species.a. Why do you think that a region of mitochondrialDNA is used for barcoding animals, as opposed toa region of nuclear genomic DNA?b. A single pair of PCR primers can be used tobarcode any species of fish. Explain how this ispossible.c. List criteria that scientists would have consideredwhen determining which mitochondrial DNAsequence to use for barcoding animals.DNA is isolated from concentrated ocean water. One genome is studied, and the proportion of each nucleotide is A = 15%, C = 35%, G = 35% and T = 15%. Is this genome from a dsDNA or ssDNA organism? Explain your reasoning. Is this organism AT-rich or GC-rich?. The double-stranded circular DNA molecule thatforms the genome of the SV40 tumor virus can be denatured into single-stranded DNA molecules. Becausethe base composition of the two strands differs, thestrands can be separated on the basis of their densityinto two strands designated W(atson) and C(rick). When each of the purified preparations of the single strands was mixed with mRNA from cells infectedwith the virus, hybrids were formed between the RNAand DNA. Closer analysis of these hybridizationsshowed that RNAs that hybridized with the W preparation were different from RNAs that hybridized withthe C preparation. What does this tell you about thetranscription templates for the different classes ofRNAs?
- You discovered that a species of bacteria can break down StyrofoamTM (polystyrene) products due to anenzyme it produces, polystyrenase. You wish to study the gene that codes for this enzyme.Task 1: DNA ExtractionTo begin work on the bacterium, you begin by extracting its genomic DNA (gDNA). What is the purpose ofthe following procedures? Answer briefly but completely.a. Using sodium dodecyl sulfate, a detergentAnswer: __________________________________ b. Adding RNase A and Proteinase K during extractionAnswer: __________________________________ c. Adding ethanol before recovering the DNA extractAnswer: __________________________________ Task 2: Polymerase Chain ReactionAfter purifying the gDNA extract, you want to isolate and amplify the polystyrenase gene. You perform PCRusing the appropriate gene-targeted primers. What is the purpose of the following PCR components? Answerbriefly but completely.a. DNA polymerase isolated from Thermus aquaticusAnswer:…Examine the amino acid sequences from three organisms (A,B and C)Which organisms are the most closely related? Organism A: Val-Ser-Thr-Val Organism B: Leu-Leu-Ala Organism CVal SerAsp-MetIn human DNA, 80% of in sequences are methylated.A. adenines, ApTB. thymines, ApTC. cytosines, CpGD. guanines, CpGE. adenines, ApG