One of the problems of in-air testing of nuclear weapons is the danger of radioactive fallout. One of the most problematic nuclides in such fallout is strontium-90, which breaks down by beta decay with a half-life of 28 years. It is chemically similar to calcium, and therefore can be incorporated into bones and teeth. (a) What is the daughter nucleus of the Sr-90 decay? (b) What percentage of the original level of Sr-90 is left after 56 years? (c) How long would you have to wait for the radiation to be reduced to 6.25% of its original level

Q: A sample of the isotope 131I, which has a half-life of 8.04 days, has an activity of 5.0 mCi at the…

A: Given: The half-life of the sample =8.04 days The activity of the sample = 5.0 mCi The activity of…

Q: In a piece of rock from the Moon, the 87Rb content is assayed to be 1.82 x 1010 atoms per gram of…

A:

Q: 131I undergoes beta-minus decay with a subsequent gamma emission from the daughter nucleus. Iodine…

A: Given: The mass of the thyroid gland is m=0.15 kg. The energy receive by patient is E1=0.050 mCi.…

Q: Two radioactive sources M and N, have half-lives of 4.0 hours and 6.2 hours, respectively. The…

A:

Q: The isotope Np-238 has a halflife of 2.0 days. If 96 were present on Monday, how much will remain…

A:

Q: One of the hazards of nuclear explosions is the generation of 90Sr and its subsequent incorporation…

A: The present amount of 90Sr can be represented by radioactive decay law as, Here, N0, t1/2, t, and λ…

Q: Suppose that 10 kg of this waste is plutonium-239, which has a half-life of 24,100 years, and an…

A:

Q: In 1991, German tourists discovered the well-preserved remains of a man, now called “Ötzi the…

A: When scientists date a sample it is essential that the isotope which is used to date the sample…

Q: Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 27:125. What is the ratio of their nuclear radii?

A:

Q: If a radioactive isotope of thorium (atomic number 90, mass number 232) emits 4 alpha particles and…

A: When any radioactive elements emit alpha particle, it's atomic number reduces by 2 and mass number…

Q: 2. Calculate the activity due to "C in 1.00 kg of carbon found in a living organism. Express the…

A: The number of carbon nuclei in the sample can be found using the equation,

Q: 18F is an unstable isotope of fluorine (Z=9) that decays by beta plus emission (β+ decay) with a…

A: The solution can be given as follows :-

Q: A beam of 168 MeV nitrogen nuclei is used for radiotherapy. If this beam delivers a 2.00 Sv dose to…

A: Given: Energy of beam (E) = 168 MeV. Of nitrogen nuclie. Relative biological effectiveness (R.B.E.)…

Q: What is (a) an alpha particle? (b) a beta particle? (c) a gamma ray? (d) an X-ray? (e) a daughter…

A: Given : To explain each term.

Q: When Po decays, the product is Pb. The half-life of this decay process is 1.78 ms. If the initial…

A: Determine the decay constant as follows. λ=0.693t12=0.6931.78 ms=0.6931.78×10-3 s=389.3258 s-1

Q: A pure sample of 226 Ra contains 2.0 x 10^14 atoms of the isotope. If the half life of. 226 Ra = 1.6…

A: Given that, No. of atoms of a pure sample of 226 Ra is 2.0 x 1014 atoms. The half-life of the sample…

Q: Calculate the number of phosphorus P nuclei decayed during the first week, if the initial number of…

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Q: You have an istope with a decay constant of 2.48x10-³s-¹. What is the half life of isotope?

A:

Q: In a piece of rock from the Moon, the 87Rb content is assayed to be 1.82 x 1010 atoms per gram of…

A: Formula to calculate the age of the rock is,

Q: purchased by a medical supply house. If the sample has a half-life of 14 d, how long will it keep…

A: Just replace the values .... An its done

Q: Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 2 : 5. What is the ratio of their nuclear densities?

A:

Q: The shroud of Turin, which shows the negative image of the body of a man who appears to have been…

A: Given: The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years, but we need to calculate the value of the k

Q: RADIOACTIVITY. LAW OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY Activity units: 1 Ci = 3.7 × 1010 Bq 1. Nuclear decay law: N…

A:

Q: Even though plutonium-239 (t1/2=2.41x10^4yr) is one ofthe main fission fuels, it is still a…

A:

Q: Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 8:125. What is the ratio of their nuclear radii?

A: The nuclear radius is calculated by using the formula R=R0A13 , where R0=1.2×10-15 m is the constant…

Q: Calculate the average binding energy per nucleon of the phosphours-31 nucleus, P. 15

A:

Q: A 70kg patient is injected with 2.0 x 1013 atoms of Tc99m for a nuclear medicine imaging study.…

A:

Q: Strontium-90 is a radioactive by-product of nuclear reactors that behaves biologically like calcium.…

A: Given  Half life time T1/2 = 29 years Total time T = 59 years N0 = 1.2 × 1012  dis/s

Q: 2. Tritium, (3 H) is used in glowing "EXIT" signs located where there is no electricity for light…

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Q: Francium-223 has a half-life of 21.80 min. How many nuclei are initially present in a 25.0-mg sample…

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Q: How much energy is needed to remove a neutron from a 236^U nucleus? Is this energy greater or less…

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Q: Draw a plot of the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number for a large number of…

A: Draw a plot of the  for a large number of nuclei, 2 ≤ A ≤ 240. How do you explain the constancy of…

Q: The plutonium isotope 239Pu is produced as a by-product in nuclear reactors and hence is…

A:

Q: A radioactive nuclide has a half-life of 30.0 y.What fraction of an initially pure sample of this…

A: a)

Q: The number of radioactive atoms in a sample decay as the emission of radiation proceeds and this may…

A: Recall N=N0e-λt Where t1/2=ln2/λ       and  τ=1/λ

Q: A patient receives a dose of radiation by ingesting a radioactive medication containing 32P, which…

A:

Q: In the following list of nuclides, identify (a) those with filled nucleon shells, (b) those with one…

A: If both Z and N numbers are magic numbers, it is called as doubly magic nucleus. Which are extremely…

Q: RADIOACTIVITY. LAW OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY Activity units: 1 Ci = 3.7 × 101º Bq 1. Nuclear decay law: N…

A:

Q: Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1: 8. What is the ratio of their nuclear radii?

A: The relation between the mass number and the radius is  R =Ro A13 where, Ro is constant, R is the…

Q: To destroy a cancerous tumor, a dose of gamma radiation totaling an energy of 2.12 J is to be…

A:

Q: What is the ratio of the radius of 58 Ni to that of 258 Ha ,one of the largest nuclei ever made?…

A:

Q: What is the decay constant for a radioactive isotope with half life of 30 hours?

A: Half life of radioactive decay is defined as time taken to decay half of the initial quantity.…

Q: The binding energy for a nucleus containing Z protons and N neutrons is defined as c²[ZMµ + Nm-ŽM]…

A: Required : Mass defect for the Helium atom.

Nuclear Reactions

Nuclear reactions are processes in which the fundamental characteristics of a nucleus changes. They change into a completely different nucleus. These processes occur naturally in an unstable nucleus. Bombarding an energetic particle can induce nuclear reactions.  In this article, both the naturally occurring nuclear reactions are termed as radioactive decay and the induced nuclear reactions are further categorized as nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.