Part 2 In a cell stimulated by insulin, glucose is abundant, Explain how the high rate of fatty acid synthesis iśs supplied'with adequate substrate. In a cell stimulațed by glucagon, fațty acids diffuse rapidly into the cell from the blood. Explain how thể high rate of fatty acid breakdówn is supplied by adequate substrate.

Part 2 In a cell stimulated by insulin, glucose is abundant, Explain how the high rate of fatty acid synthesis iśs supplied'with adequate substrate. In a cell stimulațed by glucagon, fațty acids diffuse rapidly into the cell from the blood. Explain how thể high rate of fatty acid breakdówn is supplied by adequate substrate.

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter27: Metabolic Integration And Organ Specialization

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 19P

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2.A person did not get food for 3 days and had lost his weight, ketone bodies were revealed in urine. To explain this: a)describe the main metabolic pathways providing energy for the liver cells during starvation and explain its regulation; b) discuss the hormonal changes; c)predict the deleterious effect of prolonged starvation.
Under starvation conditions, death usually occurs before thebody’s energy reserves are totally exhausted. Suggest areason for this phenomenon.
. During fasting in humans, virtually all the glucose reserves areconsumed in the first day. The brain requires glucose to function and adjusts only slowly to other energy sources. Explainhow the body supplies the glucose required by the brain.
Many diabetics do not respond to insulin because of a deficiency of insulin receptors on their cells. How does this aff ect (a) the levels of circulating glucose immediately after a meal and (b) the rate of glycogen synthesis in muscle?
During periods of stress or fasting, blood glucose levels fall.In response, fatty acids are released by adipocytes. Explainhow the drop in blood glucose triggers fatty acid release.
When the production of acetyl-CoA exceeds the body’scapacity to oxidize it, acetoacetate, b-hydroxybutyrate, andacetone accumulate. When generated in large amounts, thesesubstances can exceed the blood’s buffering capacity. As theblood pH falls, the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen isaffected. Subsequently, the brain can be starved for oxygen,and a fatal coma can result. Explain how severe dieting canproduce this condition.
1.. Discuss how the inability to synthesize insulin and glucagon would impact lipid and/or carbohydrate metabolism.
Regulation in biological systems depends on feedback .which is an exmple of in formation flow. when diabbetes destroy insulin-producing cells, what infortamtion flow in disrupted? The body is unable to send signals that indicate the amount of sugar in the blood. Cells in the bladder are no longer able to send signals when the blodder fills. Appetite signals no longer regulate feeding . The pancres is unable to produce enzymes to break down protein.
3. The pancreas is an organ of mixed secretion. Endocrinely, beta-cells produce thehormone insulin, which affects carbohydrate metabolism. How does it affect theactivity of glycogen phosphorylase (GF) and glycogen synthase (GS)?
Fructose and glucose are both monosaccharides, but the body metabolizesthese sugars differently. For example, glucose stimulates insulin releasefrom the pancreas (see section 28.4); fructose does not. Moreover, insulinstimulates leptin release. Finally, fructose is more likely than glucose tobe converted to fat. Use this information to propose an explanation for thecorrelation between the skyrocketing consumption of high fructose cornsyrup since 1970 and the rise in obesity during the same period.
Describe thermoregulation in humans (i.e. what happens when body temperature falls or rises beyond the tolerance range?)
Biological activity of vitamin D includes all of the following, exceptA. Increase of Ca2+ excretion in kidneysB. Intensification of Ca2+ absorption in gutsC. Stimulation of synthesis of bone matrixD. Stimulation of calcification matrix in boneE. Stimulation of metabolism in muscles