The Case of the Sexually Arrested OrangutansNamePart I- A Call from AnneIt was late in the work day and I was rushing around trying to get some new chimps settled in their habitat when the phone rang. "HiLisa, it's Anne and I've got a favor to ask. I know you have some captive male orangutans at the National Zoo and I'm hoping you'llhelp me collect some growth, development, and behavior data on these animals. I've enlisted the cooperation of curators at other zoosin the U.S. to help me assemble this database on juvenile male orangutan development. "As you may know," Anne continued, “whenjuvenile males are housed together, some begin to develop the characteristic secondary sex characteristics at age four, resulting in themassive body size, large cheek flanges and laryngeal sac, while others stay juvenile looking but grow to nearly adult size. I thỉnk thedifference in development might be due to variation in the effects of captive stress, mostly from the presence of other adult males.When we separate the arrested individuals from the rest, they complete their maturation to adulthood rather quickly." As an AssistantCurator at the Smithsonian National Zoo in Washington D.Č., I was in charge of the care and health of the primates and pandas, andthought this sounded like an interesting project. "I think we can do that Anne. Actually, I have also noticed those developmentaldifferences in juvenile orangutans and always wondered why they occur." "Good, then you'll know what to look for. I needinformation on their housing situation, diet, medical history, growth, behavior patterns, and as they go through puberty, flange andlaryngeal sac development, social interactions, and semen quality if you manage to collect that. I would also like you to collect freshurine samples from each individual periodically. The lab at the Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species (CRES) at the SanDiego Zoo will run hormone assays on the urine for me. I'll send you a spreadsheet for keeping records on each animal. You can sendthe urine samples and spreadsheet data to CRES for analysis. I really appreciate your help."Questions1. Explain the normal hormonal control of male sexual development by the hypothalamus pituitary-gonad connections.2. What are the stress hormones? How do they act? Specifically, how does stress affect growth and development?3. What sort of data might support Anne's hypothesis that arrested sexual development of juvenile orangutan males is a result of socialstress? Part II-Data Analysis"How are your orangutans behaving Lisa?" It was Anne calling again about her project. I told her my captive orangutans had remainedhealthy and active the past three years during which I had been collecting the necessary data and forwarding it for analysis to theCenter for Reproduction of Endangered Species at the San Diego Zoo. "Great. I'm sending you a report with the data summarized sofar from zoos and a total of males. We've measured cortisol and prolactin levels in the urine and made comparisons of hormone levelsin four groups of orangutans: juvenile, arested adolescent, developing adolescent, and adults." Below are Ánne's data graphed toshow means and standard errors. I'm not sure what it all means.Figure 1. Urinary cortisol levels expressed as ug of hormone per mg of creatinine in four different groups of captive maleorangutans. Asterisks indicate groups significantly different from developing males.1.41.21.00.80.60.40.20.0JuvenilesArrestedDevelopinaCortisolFigure 2. Urinary prolactin levels expressed as ng per mg of creatinine in four different groups of captive maleorangutans. Asterisks indicate groups significantly different from developing males.25201510JuvenilesArrestedDevelopingAdultsProlactinQuestions1. What are the significant trends in these data? What can you conclude about stress levels in arrested vs. developing males?2. Why do you think stress hormones are higher in developing males than in arrested or fully mature males?3. According to these data, is stress the explanation for arrested development?g/mg creatinineaujugean bu/brl

Question

The Case of the Sexually Arrested OrangutansNamePart I- A Call from AnneIt was late in the work day and I was rushing around trying to get some new chimps settled in their habitat when the phone rang. &#34;HiLisa, it's Anne and I've got a favor to ask. I know you have some captive male orangutans at the National Zoo and I'm hoping you'llhelp me collect some growth, development, and behavior data on these animals. I've enlisted the cooperation of curators at other zoosin the U.S. to help me assemble this database on juvenile male orangutan development. &#34;As you may know,&#34; Anne continued, “whenjuvenile males are housed together, some begin to develop the characteristic secondary sex characteristics at age four, resulting in themassive body size, large cheek flanges and laryngeal sac, while others stay juvenile looking but grow to nearly adult size. I thỉnk thedifference in development might be due to variation in the effects of captive stress, mostly from the presence of other adult males.When we separate the arrested individuals from the rest, they complete their maturation to adulthood rather quickly.&#34; As an AssistantCurator at the Smithsonian National Zoo in Washington D.Č., I was in charge of the care and health of the primates and pandas, andthought this sounded like an interesting project. &#34;I think we can do that Anne. Actually, I have also noticed those developmentaldifferences in juvenile orangutans and always wondered why they occur.&#34; &#34;Good, then you'll know what to look for. I needinformation on their housing situation, diet, medical history, growth, behavior patterns, and as they go through puberty, flange andlaryngeal sac development, social interactions, and semen quality if you manage to collect that. I would also like you to collect freshurine samples from each individual periodically. The lab at the Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species (CRES) at the SanDiego Zoo will run hormone assays on the urine for me. I'll send you a spreadsheet for keeping records on each animal. You can sendthe urine samples and spreadsheet data to CRES for analysis. I really appreciate your help.&#34;Questions1. Explain the normal hormonal control of male sexual development by the hypothalamus pituitary-gonad connections.2. What are the stress hormones? How do they act? Specifically, how does stress affect growth and development?3. What sort of data might support Anne's hypothesis that arrested sexual development of juvenile orangutan males is a result of socialstress? Part II-Data Analysis&#34;How are your orangutans behaving Lisa?&#34; It was Anne calling again about her project. I told her my captive orangutans had remainedhealthy and active the past three years during which I had been collecting the necessary data and forwarding it for analysis to theCenter for Reproduction of Endangered Species at the San Diego Zoo. &#34;Great. I'm sending you a report with the data summarized sofar from zoos and a total of males. We've measured cortisol and prolactin levels in the urine and made comparisons of hormone levelsin four groups of orangutans: juvenile, arested adolescent, developing adolescent, and adults.&#34; Below are Ánne's data graphed toshow means and standard errors. I'm not sure what it all means.Figure 1. Urinary cortisol levels expressed as ug of hormone per mg of creatinine in four different groups of captive maleorangutans. Asterisks indicate groups significantly different from developing males.1.41.21.00.80.60.40.20.0JuvenilesArrestedDevelopinaCortisolFigure 2. Urinary prolactin levels expressed as ng per mg of creatinine in four different groups of captive maleorangutans. Asterisks indicate groups significantly different from developing males.25201510JuvenilesArrestedDevelopingAdultsProlactinQuestions1. What are the significant trends in these data? What can you conclude about stress levels in arrested vs. developing males?2. Why do you think stress hormones are higher in developing males than in arrested or fully mature males?3. According to these data, is stress the explanation for arrested development?g/mg creatinineaujugean bu/brl

Accepted Answer

Male sexual development involves 3 level of regulation first by the hypothalamus, Second by the…