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- Second-messenger systems ultimately bring about the desired cell response by inducing a change in the shape and function of particular designated intracellular proteins. (True or false?)Which of the following would be considered second messengers of a signaling pathway? Select one: a. A kinase enzyme b. A scaffolding protein holding three kinases c. Adenyl cyclase d. All answers are examples of second messengers e. A sugar like inositol f. Ligand gated channelDistinguish the pathways associated with the activation of protein kinase A, protein kinase Cand Cam kinase II. Provide for each pathway: enzyme that produces second messenger, identity of second messenger(s) and kinase activated by that second messenger.
- signal amplification of cells relies on which of hte following increased activity of protein phosphatases sequential increase in the different components, wherein a single, activated component can activate many copies of the next component in the pathway increasing numbers of cell-surface receptors as the signal is transduced increasing amounts of ligand aas signal transdutciton proceedsDuring the epinephrine signaling pathway we learned about in class, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is regulated by: Allosteric regulation Covalent modification Competitive inhibition Zymogen activationHistamine is a chemical substance released in inflammatory and allergic response. The histamine H1 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that activates phospholipase C in response to the binding of histamine. Arrange the data below showing the process of histamine signal transduction from the H1 receptor. Calcium ions flow through ligand-gated ion channel. Phosphorylation cascade leads to the activation of a cellular response. Calcioum ions activate a protein, leading to a cellular response. Enzyme cleaves PIP2, forming DAG and IP3. Calcium iom concentration increases in the cytosol. IP3 binds to a ligand-gated ion channel in thw ER membrane.
- Someone goes for a jog first thing in the morning and encounters a squadron of javelinas, causing a release of epinephrine. Some of this circulating epinephrine binds to a G-alpha-s coupled receptor (GPCR) on the surface of muscle cells. Which of the following would occur in the muscle cell as a result of this activation? Nitric oxide synthesis would increase. cyclic AMP (cAMP) activity would increase. Phospholipase C (PLC) would hydrolyze (cut) the molecule PIP2. The levels of adenylate cyclase activity would decrease. The levels of adenylate cyclase activity would decrease. Which ligand is CORRECTLY matched with its characteristic? Group of answer choices Glucagon: stimulates the activation of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway Nitric oxide (NO): must bind to its target protien withn a few seconds because NO degrades rapidly Steroid hormone: produces a response in its target cells within seconds Acetylcholine: hydrophobic molecule that binds to…"In the regulation of molecular switches, protein kinases and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) always turn proteins on, whereas protein phosphatases and GTPase activating proteins (GAPS) always turn proteins off" is true or false.If your sepharose beads are covalently attached to adrenaline hormone, which of the following protein is most likely purified by affinity chromatography? A. Receptor tyrosine kinase B. Calmodulin C. GCPR D. Protein kinase A
- Compare and discuss intergrin and tyrosine kinase signaling pathway . Show the difference and similarities between them interns of receptor ligand binding, signal transduction, changes in gene expression and subsequent cellular responsesActivation of certain GPCRs triggers an intracellular signaling mechanism that involves activation of adenlyl cyclase and an increase of cAMP. Which of the following statements best describes the the events that follow such a cAMP increase? a.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of protein kinase C. b.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of the release of the gamma subunit from the GPCR. c.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of protein kinase A.In vesicle based signaling, how is the regulated secretory pathway implicated in synaptic signaling ? Then, apply this information to describe in detail the pathway in which a neurotransmitter is received at the dendrites of one neuron and ultimately leads to the release of new transmitters that activate a second neuron .