Polling As mentioned in the chapter, opinion-polling organizations contact their respondents by sampling ran-dom telephone numbers. Although interviewers now can reach about 62% of U.S. households, the percentage ofthose contacted who agree to cooperate with the surveyhas fallen from 43% in 1997 to only 14% in 2012 (PewResearch Center for the People and the Press). Eachhousehold, of course, is independent of the others.a) What is the probability that the next householdon the list will be contacted but will refuse tocooperate? b) What was the probability (in 2012) of failing to con-tact a household or of contacting the household but not getting them to agree to the interview?c) Show another way to calculate the probability inpart b.

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Estimation

A new framework of data analysis where the new statistical methods are used for interpreting the results and analyzing the data is known as estimation in statistics.