Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a solute that is consumed in order to "clean out" the digestive tract in preparation for a colonoscopy. PEG cannot enter intestinal cells as there is no transport mechanism for it. How would this affect the absorption of water into the small intestine? (assume that it is taken at the correct dose and you are not actually reversing the concentration gradient across the intestinal cells.) Explain your answer in terms of concentration gradients.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a solute that is consumed in order to "clean out" the digestive tract in preparation for a colonoscopy. PEG cannot enter intestinal cells as there is no transport mechanism for it. How would this affect the absorption of water into the small intestine? (assume that it is taken at the correct dose and you are not actually reversing the concentration gradient across the intestinal cells.) Explain your answer in terms of concentration gradients.

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter3: The Plasma Membrane And Membrane Potential

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1ACR: When William H. was helping victims after a devastating earthquake in a region not prepared to...

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Transport of glucose across the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithelial cells and into the vascular system requires which of the following conditions to occur? Select one: a. Sodium concentration on the inside of the epithelial cell is equal to that outside the basolateral membrane b. Sodium concentration is higher on the inside of the epithelial cell than on the outside of the basolateral membrane c. Sodium concentration inside the epithelial cell is lower than sodium concentration in the intestinal lumen d. Sodium concentration inside the epithelial cell is higher than that sodium concentration in the intestinal lumen
Which is a correct statement about the Na+/K+ transporter (pump), and its cytology and cellular role? It is found the basal side of intestinal epithelial cells, pumping Na+ out of the cell into the blood. It is found on the plasma membrane of neurons, pumping Na+ into axons from the blood. It is found on the membrane of the lysosome, pumping K+ into the lumen of the lysosome. It is found on the apical side of intestinal epithelia, pumping K+ into the lumen of the intestine.
If a mutation in a sodium channel in an Intestinal epithelial cell caused a marked decrease In the concentration gradient of sodium across the plasma membrane, which of the following would you expect to observe? a decrease in Na/K ATPase activity. an increase in the movement of glucose across the basolateral membrane to the extracellular space an increase in sodium/glucose co-transport into the cell across the apical membrane a decrease in cytoplasmic glucose concentration
Consider the following nutrients: (water, simple sugar (glucose), amino acid, and fatty acid). Describe where each one is absorbed in the small intestine and which mechanism (active transport, facilitated diffusion, or simple diffusion) drives their movement into the bloodstream. Please be detailed with your explanation
A general principle of physiology is that structure is a determinant of—and has coevolved with—function. One example highlighted in this chapter is the large surface area provided by the villous and microvillous structure of the cells lining the small intestine
When food is digested, it passes through the alimentary canal, or the gastrointestinal tract, beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus. As it travels it gets broken down into smaller and smaller macromolecules until they are small enough to be absorbed into the lining of the GI tract. What cells would you not expect to find in the lining of the GI tract?
In a lactose intolerant individual which of the following answers correctly describes the direction of water movement across the intestinal epithelia? Select one: a. From the epithelia of the small intestine to the epithelia of the large intestine b. From the epithelia of the large intestine to the epithelia of the rectum c. From the blood supply to the lumen of the intestine d. From the lumen of the intestine to the blood supply
When William H. was helping victims after a devastating earthquake in a region not prepared to swiftly set up adequate temporary shelter, he developed severe diarrhea. He was diagnosed as having cholera, a disease transmitted through unsanitary water supplies contaminated by fecal material from infected indiv iduals. The toxin produced by cholera bacteria causes Cl- channels in the lurninal membranes of the intestinal cells to stay open, thereby increasing the secretion of Cl- from the cells into the intestinal tract lumen. By what mechanisms would Na+ and water be secreted into the lumen in conjunction with Cl- secretion? How does this secretory response account for the severe diarrhea that is characteristic of cholera?
The movement of amino acids across simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine in tube the blood represents what?
The single layer of columnar epithelial cells lining the small intestine has a brush border of microvilli. How do you think microvilli increase absorption?
The stomach has two types of exocrine secretory cells: chief cells that secrete an inactive form of a protein-digesting enzyme, pepsinogen parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl), which activates pepsinogen Both these cell types have an abundance of mitochondria for ATP production - the chief cells for the energy needed needed to synthesize pepsinogen, the parietal cells for the energy needed to transport H+ and Cl- from the blood into the stomach lumen. But only one of these cell types also has an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and abundant Golgi stacks. Explain which cell type would have extensive rough ER and Golgi stacks and why. Also explain which cell type would not have as extensive a rough ER and Golgi stacks and why.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a peptic ulcer disease characterized by overproduction of gastric acid. Which two types of stomach cells are most likely involved in Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome?