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- Population Genetics In the study of population genetics, an important measure of inbreeding is the proportion of homozygous genotypesthat is, instances in which the two alleles carried at a particular site on an individuals chromosomes are both the same. For population in which blood-related individual mate, them is a higher than expected frequency of homozygous individuals. Examples of such populations include endangered or rare species, selectively bred breeds, and isolated populations. in general. the frequency of homozygous children from mating of blood-related parents is greater than that for children from unrelated parents Measured over a large number of generations, the proportion of heterozygous genotypesthat is, nonhomozygous genotypeschanges by a constant factor 1 from generation to generation. The factor 1 is a number between 0 and 1. If 1=0.75, for example then the proportion of heterozygous individuals in the population decreases by 25 in each generation In this case, after 10 generations, the proportion of heterozygous individuals in the population decreases by 94.37, since 0.7510=0.0563, or 5.63. In other words, 94.37 of the population is homozygous. For specific types of matings, the proportion of heterozygous genotypes can be related to that of previous generations and is found from an equation. For mating between siblings 1 can be determined as the largest value of for which 2=12+14. This equation comes from carefully accounting for the genotypes for the present generation the 2 term in terms of those previous two generations represented by for the parents generation and by the constant term of the grandparents generation. a Find both solutions to the quadratic equation above and identify which is 1 use a horizontal span of 1 to 1 in this exercise and the following exercise. b After 5 generations, what proportion of the population will be homozygous? c After 20 generations, what proportion of the population will be homozygous?13) Random variables X and Y have joint pdf fXY={4xy, 0≤x≤1, 0≤y≤1fXY={4xy, 0≤x≤1, 0≤y≤1 Find Correlation and CovarianceLet X and Y be random variables, and a and b be constants. ???? a) Show that Cov [aX,bY] = abCov [X,Y] . b) Show that if a > 0 and b > 0, then the correlation coefficient between aX and bY is the same as the correlation coefficient between X and Y . c) Is the correlation coefficient between X and Y unaffected by changes in the units of X and Y ?
- A stochastic process (SP) X(t) is given byX(t) = Asin(ωt + Φ)where A and Φ are independent random variables and Φ is uniformly distributed between 0 and 2π.a) Calculate mean E[X(t)]. b) Calculate the auto-correlation RX (t1,t2).c) Is X(t) wide sense stationary (WSS)? Justify your answer.Now consider that X(t) is a Gaussian SP with mean μX (t) = 0.5 and auto-correlation RX (t1,t2) =10e−14 |t1−t2|. Let Z = X(5) and W = X(9) be the two random variables.d) Calculate var(Z), var(W), and var(Z + W). e) Calculate cov(ZW).Two random variables X and Y with a joint PDF f(x,y) = Bx+y for 0≤ x ≤6 , 0≤ x ≤7 and constant B Find value of constant BThe density of a random variable X is f(x) = C/x^2 when x ≥ 10 and 0 otherwise. Find P(X > 20).
- 2. Y1, Y2, ..., Yn are i.i.d. exponential random variables with E{Yi} = 1/θ. Find thedistribution of Y =1 nPiYi.The premise pdf of the random variable X is X ∼ U (0, 2). The pdf of the random variable Y under the condition X Geometric (x).That is,since fY | X (y x) ∼ Geometric (x) and Y = 3 observations. fX | Y (x | 3) =?3.7. Consider the performance function Y = 3x1-2x2 where Xi and X2 are both normally distributed random variables with Ax' = 16.6 0% 2.45 μΧ2 = 18.8 ơx.-2.83 The two variables are correlated, and the covariance is equal to 2.0. Determine the probability of failure if failure is defined as the state when Y 0 3.8. The resistance (or capacity) R of a member is to be modeled using R = R,MPF where Rn is the nominal value of the capacity determined using code procedures and M, P, and Fare random variables that account for various uncertainties in the capacity. If M, P, and F are all lognormal random variables, determine the mean and variance of R in terms of the means and variances of M, P, and F.
- A derived random variable Y = 5X2 – 3 A random variable X with probability mass function Px(x) = 1/4 (for x =1, 2, 3, 4) and 0 elsewhere. a) Set up the CDF FY(y) in terms of CDF FY(x)b) Find the PMF PY(y) of the derived random variable YA derived random variable Y = 5X2 – 3 A random variable X with probability mass function Px(x) = 1/4 (for x =1, 2, 3, 4) and 0 elsewhere. a) Set up the CDF FY(y) in terms of CDF FY(x) b) Find the PMF PY(y) of the derived random variable Y