QUESTION 1 Which of the following statements is true? 1. Land, capital, entrepreneurial ability and labor are all considered to be economic resources II. All economic resources are scarce except for land and labor which have unlimited availability O 1.Only O II Only O Both I and II ONeither I nor II QUESTION 2 Which of the following statements is false? O All points on the Production possability curve are attainable O All points inside the Production possability curve are unattainable All points inside the Production possability curve are inefficient All are true
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- Consider an economy with n consumers, one privategood and one public good. We think of the private good as “all othergoods,” and measure it in terms of money. There are n individuals inthe economy with utility functions Ui(xi, y) = αi ln y + xi, where y is thepublic good, xi is the private good consumed by individual i = 1, . . . , n,and 0 < α1 < α2 < · · · < αn are parameters. Initial endowment of privategood of each consumer is given by wi. We donote the aggregate endowment 1of the private good by w =Pi wi. The cost of producing the public good is c(y) = cy for some c > 0. Find the optimal provision of the public good as well as how much is provided under voluntary contributions.Conversely, show geometrically the effect of a decrease in Price (i.e., BELOW the equilibrium price). What “economic problem” is created now in the market. Measure geometrically he magnitude or distance of such “economic problem”. Again, in the face of such an economic problem, where private sector buyers and suppliers could not do anything more, which economic actor should come to intervene properly? Discuss what should that intervener do amidst such economic problem faced by the microeconomic actor – NOTABLY THE PRODUCER OR SELLER. As an Economist (or beyond the limits of Economic studies), what would you recommend to the VEGETABLE PRODUCERS and to the GOVERNMENT as well? Discuss exhaustively.Match each diagram in Figure 1 with its description here.Assume that the economy is producing or attempting toproduce at point A and that most members of society likemeat and not fish. Some descriptions apply to more than one diagram, and some diagrams have more than onedescription.a. Inefficient production of meat and fishb. Productive efficiencyc. An inefficient mix of outputd. Technological advances in the productionof meat and fishe. The law of increasing opportunity costf. An impossible combination of meat and fish
- 1. Write down an exchange economy model with two individuals and two goods, in whichthere is no consumption externality. State and explain the key assumptions of the model.Using the model, answer the following questions:(a) Explain carefully how the concept of Pareto efficiency differs from that of socialwelfare.(b) State the Second Theorem of Welfare Economics and explain carefully why it holds.What is the importance of the assumption of convex preferences to this theorem?(c) Explain the concept of the utility possibility frontier. What is the role of the utilitypossibility frontier in the social welfare maximization problem of a welfarist society?If an economy can produce various combinationsof food and shelter along a productionpossibilities curve (PPC), then if we increase theproduction of shelter along the PPC, which ofthe following is true?a. We also increase the production of food.b. We must decrease the production of food.This forgone food production representsthe opportunity cost of the increase inshelter.c. We cannot change the production of food.d. The concept of opportunity cost does notapply along PPC.The New York City Council is ready to vote on two billsthat authorize the construction of new roads in Manhattanand Brooklyn. If the two boroughs join forces, they can passboth bills, but neither borough by itself has enough powerto pass a bill. If a bill is passed, then it will cost the taxpayersof each borough $1 million, but if roads are built in aborough, the benefits to the borough are estimated to be $10million. The council votes on both bills simultaneously, andeach councilperson must vote on the bills without knowinghow anybody else will vote. Assuming that each boroughsupports its own bill, determine whether this game has anyequilibrium points. Is this game analogous to the Prisoner’sDilemma? Explain why or why not.
- Assume an increase in the price from the EQUILIBRIUM PRICE as established in # 1 above, SHOW GEOMETRICALLY (using a graph) the effect of such an increase in Price ABOVE THE EQUILIBRIUM point. What “economic problem” is created in the market. Measure geometrically the magnitude or distance of such “economic problem”. In the face of such an economic problem, where private sector buyers and suppliers could not do anything more (and considering the PERISHABILITY OF THE VEGETABLE PRODUCT), which economic actor should come to intervene properly? Discuss what should that intervener do amidst such economic problem faced by the microeconomic actors -- the buyers and the sellers.In 2006, the Australian Government incorporated research into corporate social responsibilities to determineif there is a need to include social and environmental responsibilities within the Corporation Act throughamendment procedure. It was decided not to incorporate a particular regulation through legislation, insteadrely upon the 'market forces' to encourage companies to do the 'right thing'. This viewpoint was expressedthat if companies did not look after the environment or did not act in a socially responsible manner, peoplewould not want to consume the organisations' products. From the equity market perspective, potentialinvestors would not want to invest in the organisations, and further workers wouldn't want to work for them,and so forth. Because companies were aware of such market forces, they would do the 'right thing' even inthe absence of legislation.Requirement:1) Using theories such as Public Interest Theory, Capture Theory and Economic Interest Group Theoryto critically…1. Write down an exchange economy model with two individuals and two goods, in whichthere is no consumption externality. State and explain the key assumptions of the model.Using the model, answer the following questions:(a) Explain carefully how the concept of Pareto efficiency differs from that of socialwelfare.(b) State the Second Theorem of Welfare Economics and explain carefully why it holds.What is the importance of the assumption of convex preferences to this theorem?
- Write down a model of positive production externality with two firms, in which theproduction activities of one firm directly affects the production/cost of the other firm.State and explain the key assumptions of the model. Using the model, answer thefollowing questions:(a) Explain why the presence of a positive production externality could prevent therealisation of an efficient outcome.(b) Name a possible cure for the positive production externality and explain how itcould solve the inefficiency problem.Suppose that the total benefit and total cost from a continuous activity are, respectively, given by the following equations: B (Q) = 100 + 36Q -4Q and C (Q) = 80 + 12Q Write out the equationfor the net benefits. What are the net benefits when Q= 1? Q= 5? Write out the equation for the marginal net benefits. What are the marginal net benefits when Q= 1? Q= 5? What level of Q maximizes net benefits? At the value of Qthat maximizes net benefits,what is the value of marginal net benefits?High-income people are willing to pay more thanlower-income people to avoid the risk of death.For example, they are more likely to pay for safetyfeatures on cars. Do you think cost–benefit analystsshould take this fact into account when evaluatingpublic projects? Consider, for instance, a rich townand a poor town, both of which are considering theinstallation of a traffic light. Should the rich town usea higher dollar value for a human life in making thisdecision? Why or why not?