QUESTION 4 Considering the following model: Ct = ao+a1 Yt + a₂Ct-1+ut It = Bo + B1R₁ + B2lt-1 + 121 Rt = 10 +1 Yt +12Mt + 13t Y₁ = Ct+It+Gt Where: C, denotes real consumption, Y denotes real national income, I denotes real investments, Me denotes real money supply, R, denotes the interest rate, and Ge denotes real government expenditures. I. Identify the endogenous and exogenous variables in the model. II. Check the identifiability of the model by applying both the order and the rank conditions for identification.
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- Consider an economy with the following features: Consumption, C = 130 + 0.5Yd Income tax, T = 20 + 0.2Y Investment, I = 200 – 600r Government expenditure, G = 112 Real money demand, Md/P = 50 + 0.5Y – 600r Nominal money supply, Ms = 600 Price level, P = 2 where Yd stands for disposable income, and r for the rate of interest. Derive the IS and LM equations. Calculate the equilibrium levels of income and rate of interest.Suppose the public becomes more concerned about their future so they increase the percentage of their income devoted to savings. Based on the IS-LM model, which curve will shift and why? Predict the effects of this event on income, interest rate, consumption and investment. Income: ________________ Interest Rate: ____________ Consumption: ___________ Investment: ______________In each of the following cases, determine whether the IScurve shifts to the right or left, does not shift, or is indeterminate in the direction of shift.a. The real interest rate rises.b. The marginal propensity to consume declines.c. Financial frictions increase.d. Autonomous consumption decreases.e. Both taxes and government spending decrease by thesame amount.f. The sensitivity of net exports to changes in the realinterest rate decreases.g. The government provides tax incentives for researchand development programs for firms
- The following equations describe a Keynesian model of a closed economy: C = 500 - 0.5(Y - T) - 100r I = 350 - 100r L = 0.5Y - 200i πe = 0.05 G = T = 200 Y = 1850 M = 3560 a. Find the full-employment equilibrium values of the real interest rate, consumption, investment, and the price level. b. Suppose government purchases decline to 175, with no change in taxes. What happens to the real interest rate, output, consumption, and investment in the short run (in which the price level is fixed)? What happens in the long run to the real interest rate, consumption, investment, and the price level? c. Suppose instead that government purchases rise to 225, with no change in taxes, starting from the equilibrium in part (a). What happens to the real interest rate, output, consumption, and investment in the short run (in which the price level is fixed)? What happens in the long run to the real interest rate, consumption, investment, and…. Consider an economy in which autonomous consumption, planned autonomous investment, autonomous government expenditure, autonomous taxes, and the marginal propensity to consume are given (there are no net exports). Autonomous consumer spending = $3,000 Ip = $5,000 G = $3,000 T = $4,000 MPC = .75 What is the level of actual investment [Actual investment includes both planned and unplanned inventory changes. Hint: Compare Y and C + I + G at the level of income in part (a)] if Y = $19,000? What is the level of unintended or unplanned inventory investment?Examine the impact of a decrease in taxes using IS-LM model on the interest rates, investment and national income (output)
- consider a simple macro model with a constant price level and demand-determined output. The equations of the model are: C=150+0.88Y, I=350, G=500, T=0, X=100, IM=0.06Y. The marginal propensity to spend on national income,z,is ________.Consider an economy described by the following equations: Y=C+I+G C=100+.75(Y−T)C=100+.75(Y−T) I=500−50rI=500−50r G=125G=125 T=100T=100 Where: Y is GDP, C is consumption, I is investment, G is government spending, T is taxes and r is the rate of interest. Questions: a. What is the value of the multiplier? b. What is the equilibrium equation for Y? Show solution. c. Suppose the Central Bank policy is to adjust the money supply to maintain the interest rate at 4 percent,so r=4. What is the value of output? d. Assuming that no change in fiscal policy, what is the effect of a reduction in interest rate from 4 percent to 3 percent on equilibrium output. e. In this case, explain the policy that was used by the policymaker to target the aggregate demand.QUESTION 5Imagine the following simple Keynesian macroeconomic model for a closed economy.TD = C + Ip + G (total demand)C = C0 + YD (aggregate household consumption)YD = Y − T (aggregate household disposable income)Ip = I0 + aY − bR (aggregate planned investment)Y = TD (output, equilibrium condition)BB = T – G (government budget balance)With:G government consumption, T taxes, R real interest rate (exogenous variables)C0) and I0 autonomous consumption and investment0 < a, c, a+c < 1, b > 0 constant parametersDerive the equation for output and answer the following question. If the government in this model simultaneously increases its consumption G and its taxes T by the same amount, then: total demand decreases, and equilibrium output declines. total demand decreases, and equilibrium output declines, but only if C > G. total demand increases, and equilibrium output rises. The rise of output is stronger the higher the households’ marginal propensity to consume. total demand…
- I have to analyze, using the IS-LM model, the macroeconomiceffects of an increase in savings in the short term and its implications for long-term growth. Specifically, I have to suppose that households (consumers) lose confidence and start saving more for any level of disposable income. Could you please answer the following question (using graphs): Using the IS-LM model, show the effect of an increase in saving on production,investment and consumption, assuming that the Central Bank modifies the money supply when income changes, so that the LM curve is flatConsider a simple macro model with a constant price level and demand determined output. The equations of the model are c=90+0.36y I=155 G=290’T=125 and IM=0.06Y. A national income of 1100 results in desired aggregate expenditure of…b. From the Intertemporal Choice Model, many theories (non-Keynesian theories ofConsumption) came into being. Using graphical and mathematical expressions, compareand contrast the following theories on consumption behaviours:i. Franco Modigliani: Life-Cycle Hypothesisii. Milton Friedman: Permanent-Income Hypothesisiii. Robert Hall: Random Walk Hypothesis