Question 4 Given the isocosts and isoquants of various quantities of labor and capital in the ficure below, which of the ff. is correct? Capital TC4 TC3 TC2 MP /P = M TC K* ISO3 IsO: ISO1 Labour L* O Quantity that can be produced at ISO3 is less than the quantity that can be produced at IS02 is O Ris the combination of L& K that minimizes cost At least 2 of the choices O None of the Choices TC3>TC1
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- A small company that shovels sidewalks and driveways has 100 homes signed up for its services this winter. It can use various combinations of capital and labor: intensive labor with hand shovels, less labor with snow blowers, and still less labor with a pickup truck that has a snowplow on front. To summarize, the method Choices are: Method 1: 50 units of labor, 10 units of capital Method 2: 20 units of labor, 40 units of capital Method 3: 10 units of labor, 70 units of capital If hiring labor for the winter costs $100/unit and a unit of capital costs 400, what is the best production method? What method should the company use if the cost of labor rises to $20/unit?Identify 10 examples of direct factors (labor, capital, technology, resources) used for production and 10 examples of indirect factors (i.e factors other than labor, capital, technology, or resources).hy does a measure of labor productivity—the output produced per worker– rise for many firms during recessions? During the boom years period of 2005through November 2007, the annual average output per worker was lower in U.S.manufacturing than during the Great Recession of 2007–2009 as well during therelatively low-demand years since then through 2013.Firms produce less output during recessions as demand for their products falls.Consequently, firms typically lay off workers during recessions. Thus, whetheroutput per worker rises or falls depends on whether output or employment fallsby more. The labor productivity pattern over the business cycle differs across in-dustries. If we know about a firm’s production process, can we predict whetheroutput produced per worker will rise or fall with each additional layoff?
- Suppose that government wishes to promote more capital intensive agriculture and subsidises agricultural capital equipment in order to achieve this. a) Using an isoquant map of the tradeoff between capital and labour, show how the reduced cost of capital will affect the individual farmer’s decision problem. b) Using a production function approach with labour as the variable input, show how the reduced cost of capital will affect the individual farmer’s decision problem. c) What overall effect on agricultural employment would you expect, given your answers in (a) and (b)?What is meant by returns to factor? State 3 phrases of the law of variable proportion.Cowles Foundationfor Research in Economicsat Yale UniversityCowles Foundation Discussion Paper No. 2021ARE WE APPROACHING AN ECONOMIC SINGULARITY?INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTUREOF ECONOMIC GROWTHWilliam D. NordhausSeptember 2015An author index to the working papers in theCowles Foundation Discussion Paper Series is located at:http://cowles.yale.edu/This paper can be downloaded without charge from theSocial Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection:http://ssrn.com/abstract=2658259Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2658259Are We Approaching an Economic Singularity?Information Technology and the Future of Economic GrowthWilliam D. Nordhaus1September 1, 2015AbstractWhat are the prospects for long-run economic growth? The presentstudy looks at a recently launched hypothesis, which I label Singularity.The idea here is that rapid growth in computation and artificialintelligence will cross some boundary or Singularity after whicheconomic growth will…
- Can you put a solution to this? Instruction: (see other instructions below, for the submission of answer sheet) A. Complete the Column for MRS. Show your solution for each answer, Number each solution that corresponds to each unknown MRS. B. Graph the Labor-Capital function, making sure that Labor units are in the horizontal axis MRS = change in K/ change in L change in K = final K - initial K change in L = final L - initial L MRS = 26-30 /2-1 MRS = -4/1 MRS = - 4 Units of Labor Capital MRS 1 30 0 2 26 -4 3 22.5 (1) 4 19.5 (2) 5 17 (3) 6 15 (4) 7 13.5 (5) 8 12.5 (6) 9 12 (7) 10 12 (8)From the following production functions 1. Q= a1H + a2L + a3H2 + a4 L2 + a5HL, where ai> 0 2. Q = aH@ Ly, where a, @, y > 0 a. Derive the equation of the relevant isoquant. b. Find out whether the production function is well behaved. c. Examine whether the isoquant is well behaved and therefore represents the behaviour of a rational production. d. Derive equation which describes MRTS of 9ne factor. e. For each equation examine whether the production is homogeneous and if so, what is the degree of homogeneity. Is the equation characterized by IRTS, DRTS or CRTS.Suppose that production function of certain devices is determined by: q = k * L - 0.8 k2 - 0.2 L2 Where q represents annual quantity of devices produced, k represents annual quantity of capital factor, and L represents annual quantity of labor factor. (a) Suppose k = 10; draw a graph with average and total labor productivity. What is level of labor (L) factor at which average productivity reaches a maximum? How many devices are produced at that point? (b) Assuming again that k = 10, plot Marginal Product (MP) curve. At what level do we have that labor (L) factor is MP = 0? (c) Suppose capital (k) factor were to increase to k = 20. How would your previous answers change?
- Assembly: Total cost of production = PAQA = 400Earnings of High-Skilled Labor = WHHA = 100Earnings of Low-Skilled Labor = WLLA = 200Earnings of Capital = RKA = 100R&D: Total cost of production = PRQR = 400Earnings of High-Skilled Labor = WHHR = 175Earnings of Low-Skilled Labor = WLLR = 125Earnings of Capital = RKR = 100A. In which factor(s) is assembly intensive? In which factor(s) is R&D intensive?B. Suppose that due to the opening of trade, the price of assembly falls by ∆PA/PA = −20%, the price of R&D remains unchanged, ∆PR/PR = 0%, and capital’s share earnings remains constant.C. What has happened to the relative wage of high-skilled/low-skilled labor? Does this match the predictions of the offshoring model?Production Function. Consider the Cobb-Douglas production function discussed in class:F(K, L) = AK^1/3 L^2/3. Suppose that parameters are initially A = 1, K = 150, and L = 10. d) Suppose that the quantity of labor L doubles. Calculate Y, w, r, Y/L, and K/L. Com-ment on how and why these numbers changed relative to (c) and why they did so. E) Suppose that the quantity of capital K doubles as well. (So now both K and L aretwice their previous value). Calculate Y, w, r, Y/L, and K/L. Comment on how thesenumbers changed relative to both their initial values, and their values in (d).USE R LANGUAGE TO SOLVE THE equation The output of a production process, Q is given by the function2K^(-3)L^(5/2)/2K log4 6L^2where K and L denote capital and Inbour. Calculate the output when the capital and labour are 10 and 20 units, respectively.