Read the following extract: “Atmospheric ions are electrically charged particles which occur naturally in the atmosphere. They form in the upper atmospheric layers mainly because of the action of ultraviolet radiation from the sun, as well as in lower atmospheric layers as a result of radioactive radiation and cosmic rays. These cause ionisation of neutral molecules or atoms. As a result, ions are formed. These ions almost instantaneously combine to form molecules with ionic bonds.” The extract mentions ‘ions’. Explain what these are in terms of their electronic structure, and how this is different from an atom. The extract mentions ‘ionic bonds’. Explain what these are, and how they form in terms of electron structure. Scenario Four Read the following extract: “A polymer is a substance
Nucleotides
It is an organic molecule made up of three basic components- a nitrogenous base, phosphate,and pentose sugar. The nucleotides are important for metabolic reactions andthe formation of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are essential biomolecules present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and viruses. They carry the genetic information for the synthesis of proteins and cellular replication. The nucleic acids are of two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The structure of all proteins and ultimately every biomolecule and cellular component is a product of information encoded in the sequence of nucleic acids. Parts of a DNA molecule containing the information needed to synthesize a protein or an RNA are genes. Nucleic acids can store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next, fundamental to any life form.
Scenario Three
Read the following extract:
“Atmospheric ions are electrically charged particles which occur naturally in the atmosphere. They form in the upper atmospheric layers mainly because of the action of ultraviolet radiation from the sun, as well as in lower atmospheric layers as a result of radioactive radiation and cosmic rays. These cause ionisation of neutral molecules or atoms. As a result, ions are formed. These ions almost instantaneously combine to form molecules with ionic bonds.”
The extract mentions ‘ions’. Explain what these are in terms of their electronic structure, and how this is different from an atom.
The extract mentions ‘ionic bonds’. Explain what these are, and how they form in terms of electron structure.
Scenario Four
Read the following extract:
“A polymer is a substance which has a molecular structure comprising of a large number of identical molecules covalently bonded together to form a long chain structure. Many synthetic organic materials are
The extract mentions ‘covalent bonds’. Explain what these are, and the formation of different types that can exist i.e. single, multiple etc.
Do some research and identify 4 simply covalently bonded molecules. Draw dot and cross diagrams of each to show the bond formation of each of your 4 examples.
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