Refer to the following illustration to answer the question. V2 S Rearranged DNA in B lymphocyte V250 VI 20 Mb V2 V3 13 J4 ↓ Primary transcript Immunoglobulin mRNA ↓ V3 13 ↓ V3 13 14 In the production of an immunoglobulin light-chain, the joining of the J3 segment with the C segment occurs through:
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- Indicate whether the following sentences is either True or False and CORRECT the wrong sentences MERS can spread by faecal-oral route and/or aerosol droplet transmission Parvoviruses has very small linear dsDNA at 5000 kb and can only replicate when the cell is co-infected with an adenovirus The Ki-67 protein is a cellular marker for proliferation, and during interphase, it can be exclusively detected by immunohistochemistry within the cytoplasm, but it is absent in quiescent cells (G0)The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection In cystic fibrosis gene therapy, scientists propose the use of viral vectors to deliver normal genes to cells in the lungs. What immunological risks are involved in this procedure?Should he go ahead and enroll on the chance that he would receive the DNA vaccine and that it would be more effective than chemotherapy? Bruce and his parents moved to a semi-tropical region of the United States when he was about 3 years old. He loved to be outside year-round and swim, surf, snorkel, and play baseball. Bruce was fair-skinned, and in his childhood years, was sunburned quite often. In his teen years, he began using sunscreens, and although he never tanned very much, he did not have the painful sunburns of his younger years. After graduation from the local community college, Bruce wanted an outdoor job and was hired at a dive shop. He took people out to one of the local reefs to snorkel and scuba dive. He didnt give a second thought to sun exposure because he used sunscreen. His employer did not provide health insurance, so Bruce did not go for annual checkups, and tried to stay in good health. In his late 20s, Bruce was injured trying to keep a tourist from getting caught between the dive boat and the dock. He went to an internist, who treated his injury and told Bruce he was going to give him a complete physical exam. During the exam, the internist noticed a discolored patch of skin on Bruces back. She told him that she suspected Bruce had skin cancer and referred him to a dermatologist, who biopsied the patch. At a follow-up visit, Bruce was told that he had melanoma, a deadly form of skin cancer. Further testing revealed that the melanoma had spread to his liver and his lungs. The dermatologist explained that treatment options at this stage are limited. The drugs available for chemotherapy have only temporary effects, and surgery is not effective for melanoma at this stage. The dermatologist recommended that Bruce consider entering a clinical trial that was testing a DNA vaccine for melanoma treatment. These vaccines deliver DNA encoding a gene expressed by the cancer cells to the immune system. This primes the immune system to respond by producing large quantities of antibodies that destroy melanoma cells wherever they occur in the body. A clinical trial using one such DNA vaccine was being conducted at a nearby medical center, and Bruce decided to participate. At the study clinic, Bruce learned that he would be in a Phase Ill trial, comparing the DNA vaccine against the standard treatment, which is chemotherapy, and that he would be randomly assigned to receive either the DNA vaccine or the chemotherapy. He was disappointed to learn this. He thought he would be receiving the DNA vaccine.
- Select the most accurate answer: Adenoviruses are useful in research interest, select that applies:A. Adenovirus vectors are the most commonly employed vector for cancer gene therapy (edit gene, to introduce oligopeptides for oncolytic virotherapies)B. Adenovirus vectors can be replication-defective (serotype 5); certain essential viral genes are deleted and replaced by a cassette that expresses a foreign therapeutic geneC. Adenoviruses are powerful research tools for investigating virological and cellular events(gene expression) and carriers for new vaccines, such as vaccines against SARS-CoV 2D. the most commonly used adenoviral vectors are derived from human adenovirus serotypes 2 and 5 for in vitro and in vivo gene deliveryE. All of the aboveChoose the correct answer : Human Papillomaviruses are characterised by all of the following EXCEPT: A. A genome of double-stranded circular DNA encoding around eight open reading frame B. These viruses are small naked and icosahedral C. The most likely source of the HPV to humans is camels D. They replicate in dividing cells and encodes three oncogenic proteins E5, E6 and E7 E. HPV serotypes 14, 16, 18, 31, 45 are known to cause cervical cancerThe head of the oncology divison of a large biotech company proposes to develop a therapeutic antibody to treat cancers with mutant B-Raf oncogene. Is this a good idea? Why or why not(limit 3-4 sentences)?
- Please help me answer all parts of this question: (A)What strategy/type of vaccine would you pursue with the hopes of developing a vaccine to a new pandemic Coronavirus, attenuated virus vaccine or an inactivated virus vaccine? Compare how the two are produced, the limitations or advantages, and justify why you have picked one over the other. (B) Now, compare the above vaccines to mRNA vaccines. How are mRNA vaccines delivered? Are they better than the vaccines from part (A)?Severe combined immunodeficiency disease is a life-threatening genetic disease in which children are born with defective B-cell and Tcell function. These children are susceptible to severe infections, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or blood-borne infections. They can also be infected and sickened by live viruses that are present in some vaccines. Children with some forms of severe combined immunodeficiency disease have mutations in their RAG1 or RAG2 genes. Provide a possible explanation for how mutations in these genes might lead to the symptoms of this disorderHow to say this in a simple english. I want to understand it please RNA vaccines are stimulated in the body by injection or nasal spray. RNA vaccines are inexpensive, faster to produce than conventional vaccines, and safer for patients because they do not contain infectious agents. The mRNA produces a reliable immune response and has fewer side effects. However, mRNA can provoke unwanted immune reactions, and delivery of an effective vaccine to cells is a challenge because free RNA in the body is rapidly degraded. Live attenuated virus vaccines are induced by injection. Vaccines contain live attenuated bacteria or viruses so that they do not have a negative effect on a healthy immune system. Live attenuated virus vaccines provide repetitive antigenic stimulation allowing sufficient time for memory cell production, and attenuated pathogens can also replicate within host cells. However, the drawback of this vaccine is that the attenuated pathogen can revert to its original form and cause…
- Which of the following is an example of virus-encoded molecules modifying signal transduction pathways to promote replication? Group of answer choices Production of a small subgenomic RNA in flavivirus-infected cells Degradation of Xrn1 in poliovirus-infected cells Herpes simplex virus protein that blocks pre-mRNA splicing Poliovirus cleavage of nuclear export proteinsa. Which type of viruses can be directly used for translation? a) dsRNA b) Positive ssRNA c) Retroviruses d) Negative ssRNA b. An antiviral drug specifically modifies viral receptors on a eukaryotic host cell. How might this affect the viral reproductive cycle? It would enhance the process of viral apoptosis It would result in the degeneration of the viral capsid It would facilitate the process of viral endocytosis It would prevent the virus from attaching to the host cellModerna and Pfizer vaccines for COVID-19 use mRNA to the Spike protein combined with lipids. Which of the following is/are advantages of this type of vaccine compared to an inactivated virus vaccine? Select ALL correct answers. a) The vaccine is more stable for transport. b) The vaccine does not contain the virus so it cannot give you COVID-19. c) The vaccine can be rapidly produced in a slightly different form to protect from variants of SARS-CoV-2. d) The vaccine does not need a booster.