Some orally active drugs do not obey the rule of five. For example, some polar drugs with a molecular weight between 200 and 500 are found to be orally active. Which of the following mechanisms is the most likely reason for this? Select one: a. Ion channels. b. Passage through pores between the cells of the gut wall. c. Transport by transport proteins. d. Pinocytosis.
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- Answer the following using the picture attached: A. How does pepsin differ from chymotrypsin in terms of its active site residues and mechanism? B. How do these changes permit pepsin to operate at such a low pH?Which of the following stimulates lipolysis? a) Activationofphosphodiesterase b) Inhibitionofadenylatecyclase c) Both a and b d) Neither a or bWhich of the following types of drugs will have maximum oral bioavailability?A. Drugs with high first-pass metabolism.B. Highly hydrophilic drugs.C. Largely hydrophobic, yet soluble in aqueous solutions.D. Chemically unstable drugs.E. Drugs that are P-glycoprotein substrates.
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a solute that is consumed in order to "clean out" the digestive tract in preparation for a colonoscopy. PEG cannot enter intestinal cells as there is no transport mechanism for it. How would this affect the absorption of water into the small intestine? (assume that it is taken at the correct dose and you are not actually reversing the concentration gradient across the intestinal cells.) Explain your answer in terms of concentration gradients.Can you solve both parts to this question please A. In the gastric proton pump, H+ is transported into the stomach. What molecule is cotransported and where does it go? B. The K+ concentration is higher in the mucosal cells lining the stomach than the K+ concentration in the stomach because of the sodium pump. Why would a cotransport protein that carried both K+and H+ from the mucosal cell into the stomach by secondary active transport create a problem?.Suppose A person neighbor tells you one day about his mother (85 years old) who "has been given tablets for her moderately elevated cholesterol levels". The doctor said they are good and common first-line drugs. "anti-cholesterol" and wonder why her mother did not get this, new drugs? a.) What kind of "tablets" did your neighbor's mother probably get? b.) The mechanism of action of this type of preparation? c.) Is there a typical special side effect to watch out for.?
- Transport of glucose across the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithelial cells and into the vascular system requires which of the following conditions to occur? Select one: a. Sodium concentration on the inside of the epithelial cell is equal to that outside the basolateral membrane b. Sodium concentration is higher on the inside of the epithelial cell than on the outside of the basolateral membrane c. Sodium concentration inside the epithelial cell is lower than sodium concentration in the intestinal lumen d. Sodium concentration inside the epithelial cell is higher than that sodium concentration in the intestinal lumenOne example of a stage 1 reaction in the heterotrophic breakdown of food molecules is: A. the intracellular digestion of some amino acids into NH4+ and pyruvate B. the intramitochondrial digestion of fatty acids into carbon dioxide and water C. the extracellular digestion of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol D. the intramitochondrial digestion of pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water E. the intracellular digestion of glucose monomers into pyruvateIn general, smaller animals eat __________ total food than larger animals in a single day, and the relative proportion of food they need to metabolize per unit number of cells is ________. A. more; equal B. less; greater C. less; smaller D. more; greater E. less; equal
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