Summers et al (2021) hypothesised that people believe that pain is influenced by socio-economic status (SES); specifically, that low SES individuals are believed to be less sensitive to pain. To test their hypothesis, they hadparticipants read a description of a target person (accompanied by a random photo) that included several cues to SES (education, job, income, neighbourhood) and to estimate target's pain sensitivity to injuries on the PainSensitivity Scale. Half of the participants read descriptions of low-SES individuals, and half read descriptions of high-SES individuals.After conducting the original study, they ran a follow-up study to determine whether the effect generalises to medical professionals. They repeated the study, but with two groups of participants - medicalprofessionals and undergraduate students. All other aspects of the study were the same. Which of the following statements is true about this study (select all that apply)?O a. Results should be analysed in a factorial ANOVAOb. It uses a quasi-experimental designOc. It has better internal validity than the original studyOd. It has better external validity than the original study

Any ANOVA that employs more than one qualitative independent variable is referred to as a factorial…

Answered: Summers et al (2021) hypothesised that…

MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications

6th Edition

ISBN:9781119256830

Author:Amos Gilat

Publisher:Amos Gilat

Chapter1: Starting With Matlab

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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In a study examining the effect of humor on interpersonal attractions, McGee and Shevlin (2009) found that a man’s sense of humor had a significant effect on how he was perceived by women. In the study, female college students were given brief descriptions of a potential romantic partner and then rated the attractiveness of the male on a scale from 1 (low) to 7 (high). The fictitious male was described positively as being single, ambitious, and having good job prospects. In one condition, the description also said that he had a great sense of humor. The results showed that the description was rated significantly higher when “a sense of humor” was included. To examine this effect further, a researcher selected a sample of n = 16 college males and asked them to read a brief description of a female and then rate the attractiveness of the woman in the description. The description had been used in previous research but was modified by adding a statement describing a good sense of humor.…
Researchers were interested in comparing the long-term psychological effects on dieters who were on a high-carbohydrate, low-fat (LF) diet with those on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate (LC) diet. A total of 106 overweight and obese participants were randomly assigned to one of these two energy-restricted diets. At 52 weeks a total of 32 LC dieters and 33 LF dieters remained. Mood was assessed using a total mood disturbance score (TMDS), where a lower score is associated with a less negative mood. A summary of these results follows (image attached): (a) Is there a difference in the TMDS at Week 52? Test the null hypothesis that the dieters’ average mood in the two groups is the same. Use a significance level of 0.05. (b) Critics of this study focus on the specific LC diet (that is, the science) and the dropout rate. Explain why the dropout rate is important to consider when drawing conclusions from this study.
Bristow, Hogg, and Johnson (2010) investigated the effects of various messages on perceptionsof potentially catastrophic events - in particular, climate change. Participants were randomlyassigned to watch either a video supporting hypotheses about humanity's role in climate change,or a video that was skeptical about our role. Next, participants were asked to rate their likelihoodof engaging in environmentally-friendly behaviors. As predicted, reported behavioral intentionsshowed differences across video message conditions (i.e., lower intentions to engage inenvironmentally-friendly behaviors in the skeptical message).If testing hypotheses about the effects of video message condition on behaviors, it would bemost appropriate to calculate a1)Independent samples t-test2)Paired- samples t-test3)One sample t-test 4)Z-test
In a study to determine if using low-intensity laser therapy reduces pain for orthodontic patients who are fitted with new braces, patients were randomly assigned to either a control group (who did not receive laser treatment) or an experimental group who did receive laser treatment.† The researchers found that the mean pain rating was lower for those in the laser treatment group than for those in the control group both two days and six days after receiving braces. The researchers used these data to determine if there was evidence to support the claim that the mean pain rating is lower for patients who receive the laser treatment. Answer the four key questions. Q, Question Type: Estimation or hypothesis testing? estimationhypothesis testing S, Study Type: Sample data or experiment data? sample dataexperiment data T, Type of Data: One variable or two? Categorical or numerical? one categorical variableone numerical variable two categorical variablestwo numerical variables…
An RCT was designed to test the effectiveness of naltrexone, an opiate receptor antagonist, as a treatment for alcohol dependence. Subjects with chronic severe alcohol dependence were randomly assigned to either 3 months of naltrexone treatment or 3 months of placebo treatment. The number of drinks per drinking day was compared between the two groups. Let μ1= population mean number of drinks per drinking day for those on Naltrexone and μ2= population mean number of drinks per drinking day for those on placebo. The data from the study are summarized in the table below. Naltrexone(n1 = 196) Placebo (n2=195) Mean Number of drinks perdrinking day Xbar1=10.5 Xbar2=9.3 Standard Deviation of Numberof drinks per drinking day S1= 80 S2= 7.0 The investigators want to test whether there is a significant difference between the two groups using a 5% significance level. 1. What is the most appropriate test to address the investigators’ research question? a. Pearson’s Chi-Squared…
Does St. John wort (an herb) have a siginifact effect in treating major depression? A study looked at 340 adult outpatients suffering as measured by their HAM-Dscore, randomly assiging each subject to either a placebo, St.John's wort, or a second active treatment for comparison. The study found the diiference in treating major depression as measured by improvement in HAM-D scores between St.John's wort and the placebo was not statistically significant This means that: A. a difference this big could easily occur just by chance even if St. John's wort does not better than the placebo B. We cannot make a 95 percent confidence statement C.The placebo makes no difference in the subjects' depression D. The study was badly designed
McAllister et al. (2012) compared varsity football and hockey players with varsity athletes from noncontact sports to determine whether exposure to head impacts during one season have an effect on cognitive performance. In the study, tests of new learning performance were significantly poorer for the contact sport athletes compared to the noncontact sport athletes. The following table presents data similar to the results obtained in the study. Noncontact Athletes: 10, 8, 7, 9, 13, 7, 6, 12 Contact Athletes: 7, 4, 9, 3, 7, 6, 10, 2 a. Are the test scores significantly lower for the contact sport athletes than for the noncontact athletes? Use a two-tailed test with =.05 b. What sampling technique was most likely employed by the researcher? justify your answer c. Does exposure to head impacts have an effect on cognitive performance? why or why not
McAllister et al. (2012) compared varsity football and hockey players with varsity athletes from noncontact sports to determine whether exposure to head impacts during one season have an effect on cognitive performance. In the study, tests of new learning performance were significantly poorer for the contact sport athletes compared to the noncontact sport athletes. The following table presents data similar to the results obtained in the study. Noncontact Athletes: 10, 8, 7, 9, 13, 7, 6, 12 Contact Athletes: 7, 4, 9, 3, 7, 6, 10, 2 a. Are the test scores significantly lower for the contact sport athletes than for the noncontact athletes? Use a one-tailed test with =.05 t-critical= t= b. Compute the value of (percentage of variance accounted for) for these data. r^2= a. 0.123, b. 0.239, c. 0.138, d. 0.264
In a study, 28 adults with mild periodontal disease are assessed before and 6 months after implementation of a dental-education program intended to promote better oral hygiene. After 6 months, periodontal status improved in 15 patients, declined in 8, and remained the same in 5.9.1 Assess the impact of the program statistically (use a two-sided test).
Do less agreeable Facebook users tend to spend more time on Facebook? A study (Ivcevic and Ambady, 2013) aimed to investigate various facets of use of the social networking website Facebook. Previous research suggested that individuals with poorer face-to-face social skills may find internet-based social platforms less daunting, so as part of the study Ivcevic and Ambady investigated whether an individual's volume of Facebook use was associated with levels of "agreeableness". The subjects were 99 university students who all had a Facebook page. The subjects agreed to allowing the content of their Facebook pages to be downloaded on six separate occasions over a three-week period. As part of the data gathered on each subject, each of the 99 were individually rated by a selected friend on an "agreeableness" scale (based on average ratings on a questionnaire where all responses were on a Likert scale), with 1 being "low" and 5 "high". We consider here the relationship between "friend…
Do less agreeable Facebook users tend to spend more time on Facebook? A study (Ivcevic and Ambady, 2013) aimed to investigate various facets of use of the social networking website Facebook. Previous research suggested that individuals with poorer face-to-face social skills may find internet-based social platforms less daunting, so as part of the study Ivcevic and Ambady investigated whether an individual's volume of Facebook use was associated with levels of "agreeableness". The subjects were 99 university students who all had a Facebook page. The subjects agreed to allowing the content of their Facebook pages to be downloaded on six separate occasions over a three-week period. As part of the data gathered on each subject, each of the 99 were individually rated by a selected friend on an "agreeableness" scale (based on average ratings on a questionnaire where all responses were on a Likert scale), with 1 being "low" and 5 "high". We consider here the relationship between "friend…
It turns out that the survey study at the U of M sampled students from a single student residence hall. Explain why sampling students from a single residence hall would have an impact on the external validity of the study.

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