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- Suppose that in a given bond market, there is currentlyno information that can help potential bond buyers todistinguish between bonds. Which bond issuers havean incentive to disclose information about their companies? Explain whyThe demand D (in billions of £) for a bond with coupon rate 5% and face value FV = 1000, andtwo years to maturity as a function of its price P is D = 4000 − 2P. The supply in (billions of£) as a function of the price of the bond is S = 2P + 400. b) Suppose that the yield to maturity of the bond is i = 0.05. What is the quantitydemanded/supplied at this interest rate? What happens to the demand/supply of the bond asthe interest rate increases? Explain why. c) What is the equilibrium interest rate?The demand D (in billions of £) for a bond with coupon rate 5% and face value FV = 1000, andtwo years to maturity as a function of its price P is D = 4000 − 2P. The supply in (billions of£) as a function of the price of the bond is S = 2P + 400. b) Suppose that the yield to maturity of the bond is i = 0.05. What is the quantitydemanded/supplied at this interest rate? What happens to the demand/supply of the bond asthe interest rate increases? Explain why. c) What is the equilibrium interest rate? d) Suppose that the bond trades at premium. Is there excess demand or supply? Explain.e) There is a business cycle expansion, so both supply and demand shifts. After the shift, thenew demand curve is given by: D = 4000 + X − 2P, whereas the new supply curve is S =2P + 200. For which values of X will the interest increase/decrease? Which values of X arein line with empirical data?
- Predict what would happen to the risk premiums ofmunicipal bonds if the federal government guaranteestoday that it will pay creditors if municipal governments default on their payments. Do you think that itwill then make sense for municipal bonds to be exemptfrom income taxes?Suppose that, holding yield constant, investors are indifferent as to whether they hold bonds issued by the federal govemment or bonds issued by state and local governments (that is, they consider the bonds the same with respect to default risk, information costs, and liquidity) Suppose that state governments have issued perpetuities (or consoles) with $78 coupons and that the federal govemment has also issued perpetuities with $78 coupons. If the state and federal perpetuites both have after-tax yields of 8%, what are their pre-tax yields? (Assume that the relevant federal income tax rate is 31.13%) * The pre-tax yield on the state perpetuity will be______________% * The pre-tax yield on the federal perpetuity will be_______________%Economics What is the probability of default if the risk premium demanded by bond holders is 2% and the return on the riskless bond is 5% (round to the nearest decimal point) Savet a. 1.9% b. All of the answers here are incorrect Oc 1.3% Od. 21% Oe2.8%
- INV 1 5aiv Suppose that you have the following utility function: U=E(r) – ½ Aσ2 and A=3 Suppose that you have $10 million to invest for one year and you want to invest that money into ETFs tracking the S&P 500 (US) and S&P/TSX 60 (Canada) index, which are often used as proxies for the US and Canadian stock markets, respectively, and the Canadian one-year T-bill. Assume that the interest rate of the one-year T-bill is 0.35% per annum. You have found two ETFs that you are interested in. From a set of their historical data between 2001 and 2019, you have estimated the annual expected returns, standard deviations, and covariance as follows: ETFUS : E(r)= 0.070584 standard deviation = 0.173687 ETFCDA : E(r)= 0.073763 standard deviation = 0.16816 Covariance between ETFUS and ETFCDA = 0.02397 What is the standard deviation for ETFCDA?Bond A pays $8,000 in 20 years. Bond B pays $8,000in 40 years. (To keep things simple, assume that theseare zero-coupon bonds, meaning the $8,000 is theonly payment the bondholder receives.)a. If the interest rate is 3.5 percent, what is the valueof each bond today? Which bond is worth more?Why? (Hint: You can use a calculator, but the ruleof 70 should make the calculation easy.)b. If the interest rate increases to 7 percent, what isthe value of each bond? Which bond has a largerpercentage change in value?c. Based on the example above, complete the twoblanks in this sentence: “The value of a bond[rises/falls] when the interest rate increases,and bonds with a longer time to maturity are[more/less] sensitive to changes in the interestrate.”As and example of a possible investment restriction, an insurer mah only be allowed to invest up to 20 percent of its assets in common stock. What penalty is imposed upon the insurer that invests 30 percent of available assets in common stock?A. The additional 10 percent must be disposed of by year endB. The state regulators would impose a 10 percent fine on the insurer.C. The additional 10 percent would be a nonadmitted asset.D. The additional 10 percent would only be listed at cost.
- Carly wants to buy and operate an ice-cream truckbut doesn’t have the financial resources to start thebusiness. She borrows $20,000 from her friendFreddie, to whom she promises an interest rateof 7 percent, and gets another $30,000 from herfriend Sam, to whom she promises a third of herprofits. What best describes this situation?a. Freddie is a stockholder, and Carly is abondholder.b. Freddie is a stockholder, and Sam is abondholder.c. Sam is a stockholder, and Carly is a bondholder.d. Sam is a stockholder, and Freddie is abondholder.Suppose you expect a stock to pay a dividend of $10 every year forever and the discount rate is fixed at 5%. (a) What would you expect the price of the stock to be if it were priced according to its present value? (b) What happens to the price of the stock if the discount rate falls to 2%? (c) Now suppose you expect the dividend to grow by 1.5% every year, such that it will be $10.15 next vear. $10.30 the year after that, and so on. What are the new prices of the stock with 5% and 2% discount rates?The demand curve and supply curve for one-year discountbonds with a face value of $1,000 are represented by thefollowing equations:Bd: Price = -0.8 * Quantity + 1100Bs: Price = Quantity + 680a. What is the expected equilibrium price and quantityof bonds in this market?b. Given your answer to part (a), what is the expectedinterest rate in this market