Suppose the sender wants to send the word Midterm. In ASCII the seven characters are coded as 1001101 1101001 1100100 1110100 1100101 1110010 1101101 Calculate the row parity bit and column parity bits of data and also show the data to be sent afte applying redundancy.
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- Suppose you have a 4-letter alphabet {A, B, C, D} and you wish to devise a binary code (with nospaces) for this alphabet such that no two words would be encoded the same. For example, if A = 1and B = 11, then AA and B would be encoded the same. It takes one second to transmit eachcharacter of the binary code (so, 101 would take 3 seconds and 110101 would take 6 seconds).(a) If each letter occurs with the same frequency, determine the most efficient code for the alphabetand explain why it is the most efficient.(b) Now suppose letter A occurs about 40% of the time, B and C both occur about 25% of thetime each, and C occurs about 10% of the time. Determine the most efficient code and explainwhy it is the most efficient.1. Compact discs record two channels (left and right) of music at a sampling frequency of ??=44.1kHz for each channel. If each sample is encoded with 16 bits, and one byte is 8 bits, how many bytes are required to store 48.1 seconds of music? 2. Consider a system that uses 8-bit ASCII codes to encode letters. How long (in microseconds) will it take to transmit the bit sequence encoding Hello-World! if we use a bit time of 4 samples per bit, and transmit samples at a rate of 1MHz? 3. The ASCII table below gives the ASCII codes for common alphanumeric characters and symbols listed from MSB to LSB. What is the bit sequence encoding the message 113? Assume that we transmit the codes of each character in sequence with the LSB first.Consider a SEC code that protects 8-bit words with 4 parity bits. If we read the value0xABC, is there an error? If so, correct the error.Note: 0xABC = 1010 1011 1100Hint: Decode the 12-bit encoded data and find if there is an error.
- Assume that the following block of 16 bits is to be sent using a checksum of 8 bits. What is the pattern (codeword) sent? The block 0f 16 bits is 10101001 00111001.(a) How many bit strings of length 13 either starts with three consecutive 1s or end with 2 consecutive 0s? (b) How many bit strings of nine lowercase letters start with a vowel, if letters cannot be repeated?Given are the following codewords for an error control coding scheme data 000 011 100 codeword 00011000 00000111 10101000 . a.What is the minimum Hamming distance? b. What is the coding rate for this scheme? c. what raw data rate would be required if we need a throughput of 6 Mpbs? d. in a different situation, the number of data bits to transfer is 5, and the minimum hamming distance is dmin=5. find the maximum coding rate for this situation
- Compute CBC-MAC for a message of 16 bits, “ABCD” (in Hexa). Assume a block size of 8 bits with an IV=C9 (in hexa). For simplicity, assume the encryption to be a simple XOR of the key with the plaintext. Let the encryption key be D8 (in Hexa). (Hint: Divide the message into blocks of 8 bits each; XOR each block with the previous cipher output; then encrypt this with the key. For the first block, XOR it with IV.a. Compute CBC-MAC for a message of 16 bits, “8642” (in Hexa). Assume a block size of 8 bits with an IV=F1 (in hexa). For simplicity, assume the encryption to be a simple XOR of the key with the plaintext. Let the encryption key be B4 (in Hexa). (Hint: Divide the message into blocks of 8 bits each; XOR each block with the previous cipher output; then encrypt this with the key. For the first block, XOR it with IV. Details in pages 325-326 Ch.12 of the textbook) b. Suppose Alice computes the Secret prefix MAC (page 322: secret prefix MAC(x) = h(key || x)) for the message ”AM” (in ASCII) with key “G” (in ASCII) that both Alice and Bob know. The hash function that is used is h(x1x2x3)= g(g(x1 XOR x2) XOR x3 ) where each xi is a character represented as 8 bits, and g(x) is a 8-bit string that is equal to the complement of bits in x. For example, g(10110011) = 01001100. The MAC is 8 bits. (8-bit ASCII representation of the characters is given below.) What is the Secret prefix MAC…Implement the Hamming Code error detection and correction algorithm for a group message to be transmitted over a network. Hamming code algorithm allows the receiver to detect errors that may have been introduced due to many factors such as noise, interference, and many others. -> Assume the following: 1. The sender message length is 2 bytes. The data transmitted to the user is the 2-byte data in addition to the parity bits. 2. The receiver must be able to detect and correct 1-bit error. Report :In the report you must include an overview of the Hamming code algorithm and you need to show: 1. The detailed calculation of the minimum number of parity bits needed for a message of 2-byte length. 2. Details on how sender generates the parity bits. 3. Details on how thew receiver detects and corrects a 1-bit error. THANKS., PLEASE GIVE DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
- Assume we have a code composed of 5 ternary codewords of varying lengths (1, 1, 2, 2, 3). How many unique messages comprised of two message symbols result in a series of four code symbols after encoding?What bit pattern is stored for the following characters assuming an 8-bit byte? a. A b. a c. 8 d. % 2. What character is represented by the following bit patterns? a. 0011 0000 b. 0100 0011 c. 0111 1000 d. 0010 10104-The following block is sent: 0110111 0101010 1101010 1010101. Using a 2-dimensional parity check, what will be received by the receiver without the block being corrupted in transmission. put a space after each frame (8 bits). your final answer shoule be 5 frames. 5-Given: Original message : 110101010; Generator: 1010 Perform a CRC Calculation: 6-The symbols M and N are transmitted. Show the transmission of this data (at the sender and receiver) using Checksum Method.