Suppose there is a network with four switches connected in a cyclic fashion where each switch has port interfaces of different bandwidths and hence have different port cost. The following table provides information about the bandwidth and the cost of each link. Find a Spanning Tree Path Cost Value for switch 4 where switch 1 is considered as the root switch. Bandwidth 10 Mbit 100 Mbit 1000 Mbit Cost 100 19 4
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- Consider a router that interconnects three subnets: A, B, and C. Supposeall of the interfaces in each of these subnets are required to have the prefix212.1.104.0/21. Suppose subnet A is required to support 1000 interfaces, andsubnets B and C are each required to support 500 interfaces. Provide networkaddresses for A,B and C (in the form a.b.c.d/x) that satisfy these constraints.Consider this multihpop network running the 802.11 MAC protocol in ad-hoc mode (RTS-CTS-DATA-ACK) and a link speed of 1 Mbps: A === B === C === D Edges ‘===’ represent connectivity, so, for instance, nodes B and C can communicate with each other directly, but A and C cannot. All nodes are able to route packets on behalf of the other nodes and they employ store-and-forward to deliver packets to the destination. Suppose nodes A, B, and C have to send a lot of data frames to node D and have their link layer queue always full. What is the average data rate for A, B, and C assuming no DATA frames get lost due collisions? Explain your answer. Compare the data rates with the link rate.Consider the following diagram: A,B,C and D are subnets, R1, R2, and R3 are routers. Default signifies theentire rest of the internet. All 4 subnets each contain the same number of hosts.Consider the following routing table at R3: CIDR Mask Link 0.0.0.0/0 L4 128.4.6.0/24 L3 128.4.8.0/24 L5 1. If 128.4.6.0 is in A, what is the routing table at R1? 2. The ISP that owns all these networks is short on IP addresses, so theyuse a NAT router for R2. How many public IP addresses will C andD use together assuming they use as many private 10.X IP addresses asthey can? How many total public IP addresses will be used by the entirenetwork? Why doesn’t the ISP care about how many private IP addressesare used? 3. Fix R3’s routing table now that we are using NAT: 4. A node in C is given the IP address 10.0.0.1 and only sends and receivespackets on port 1234. A packet destined for this node reaches R2 witha source of (IP=128.4.6.6, Port=3000) and destination of (IP=128.4.8.0,Port=10000).…
- Consider the extended LAN connected using bridges B1 and B2 in the Figure given below. H1 shown in the figure is a hub which has the property of taking an input on one port and forwarding it on all other ports. Suppose the forwarding tables in the two bridges are empty. List all ports on which a packet will be forwarded by bridges B1 and B2 for the following sequence of data transmissions: a) A sends a packet to C b) E sends a packet to F c) F sends a packet to E d) G sends a packet to E e) D sends a packet to A f) B sends a packet to FConsider the network shown below, and Dijkstra’s link-state algorithm. Suppose that Dijkstra's algorithm has been run to compute the least cost paths from node E to all other nodes. Now suppose that source node E has a packet to send to destination node A. What is the first router to which E will forward this packet on its path to A?Consider a router that interconnects three subnets: A, B, and C. Supposeall of the interfaces in each of these subnets are required to have the prefix212.1.104.0/21. Suppose subnet A is required to support 1000 interfaces, andsubnets B and C are each required to support 500 interfaces. Provide networkaddresses for A,B and C (in the form a.b.c.d/x) that satisfy these constraints. Model Solution: E.g.: A: 212.1.104.0/22B: 212.1.108.0/23C: 212.1.110.0/23 Can you explain how it comes this model Solution
- Suppose nodes A and B are on the same 10 Mbps broadcast channel, and the propagation delay between the two nodes is 245 bit-times. Suppose A and B send Ethernet frames at the same time. Suppose the transmission time of the entire frame is 295 bit-times. So, the frames collide, and then A and B choose different values of K in the CSMA/CD algorithm. A node chooses the value of K at random from {0,1,2,...2n−1} where n is the number of collisions experienced on the channel – note n is set to 1 in this case). For Ethernet, the actual amount of time a node waits is K*512 bit times (i.e., K times the amount of time needed to send 512 bits into the Ethernet). Suppose A chooses a K value of 0 and B chooses a K value of 1. Assuming no other nodes are active, can the retransmissions from A and B collide? Justify your answer by showing all the intermediate steps of your calculations.Consider a node in a network running the BECA topology. Three timer parameters are Ta = 10s, Ty = 2s and Ta = 3s. Assume the node just start on its sleep mode at time Os. Threre routing traffic in the network that it can potentially participate in at times 5s, 11s and 13s. The node aiso has some local data of its own to send at 19s. Given this information, draw a ime line showing periods when the node is asleep, listen and active mode.We have 5 routers labled A-E. Suppose we have the forwarding tables shown below after the routingalgorithm is stable. Let all links have cost 1. a. If a message is originated from A and a destination is E. Which path does it take?b. If a message is originated from C and a destination is D. Which path does it take?c. Give a diagram of a possible network consistent with these tables.
- Consider a short, 10-meter link, over which a sender can transmit at a rate of 150 bits/sec in both directions. Suppose that packets containing data are 100,000 bits long, and packets containing only control (e.g., ACK or handshaking) are 200 bits long. Assume that N parallel connections each get 1/N of the link bandwidth. Now consider the HTTP protocol, and suppose that each downloaded object is 100 Kbits long, and that the initial downloaded object contains 10 referenced objects from the same sender. Would parallel downloads via parallel instances of non-persistent HTTP make sense in this case? Now consider persistent HTTP. Do you expect significant gains over the non-persistent case? Justify and explain your answer1. Below is a nested MPLS network by MTN. With the assumption that Customer 6 (C6) is connected to Router 6 (R6), execute a Dijkstra Algorithm on a Link State routing to determine the shortest path for Customer 6 to transmit packets to every other Customer/Destination connected to the rest of the Routers on the network. (a) i. Tabulate the executed iteration for the Dijkstra Algorithm using the table below. Iteration Nodes R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R7 R8 R9 R10 0 [6] 1 [6,3] 2 [6,3,2] 3 [6,3,2,1] 4 [6,3,2,1,4] 5 [6,3,2,1,4,5] 6 [6,3,2,1,4,5,7]…This elementary problem begins to explore propagation delay andtransmission delay, two central concepts in data networking. Consider two hosts, Aand B, connected by a single link of rate R bps. Suppose that the two hosts areseparated by m meters, and suppose the propagation speed along the link is smeters/sec. Host A is to send a packet of size L bits to Host B. d. Suppose Host A begins to transmit the packet at time t=0 . At time t= ?????? ,where is the last bit of the packet? e. Suppose ????? is greater than ?????? . At time t= ??????, where is the first bit of the packet?f. Suppose ????? is less than ??????. At time t= ?????? , where is the first bit of thepacket?