The exposure rate to the fingers of a technologist holding a generator elution vial is 5.3 R/hr (assume an average distance of 2.0 cm from the fingers to the vial). What is the exposure rate to the fingers if the vial is held in 22-cm tongs? If the vial is held in the tongs for 3 minutes, what is the total radiation exposure to the technologist's hand in Roentgens?

The exposure rate to the fingers of a technologist holding a generator elution vial is 5.3 R/hr (assume an average distance of 2.0 cm from the fingers to the vial). What is the exposure rate to the fingers if the vial is held in 22-cm tongs? If the vial is held in the tongs for 3 minutes, what is the total radiation exposure to the technologist's hand in Roentgens?

Principles of Heat Transfer (Activate Learning with these NEW titles from Engineering!)

8th Edition

ISBN:9781305387102

Author:Kreith, Frank; Manglik, Raj M.

Publisher:Kreith, Frank; Manglik, Raj M.

Chapter11: Heat Transfer By Radiation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 11.66P

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1.26 Repeat Problem 1.25 but assume that the surface of the storage vessel has an absorbance (equal to the emittance) of 0.1. Then determine the rate of evaporation of the liquid oxygen in kilograms per second and pounds per hour, assuming that convection can be neglected. The heat of vaporization of oxygen at –183°C is .
Determine the rate of radiant heat emission in watts per square meter from a blackbody at (a) 15C, (b) 600C, and (c) 5700C.
1.47 A flat roof is modeled as a flat plate insulated on the bottom and placed in the sunlight. If the radiant heat that the roof receives from the sun is , the convection heat transfer coefficient between the roof and the air is 12 W/m2 K, and the air temperature is , determine the roof temperature for the following two cases: (a) Radiative heat loss to space is negligible, (b) The roof is black and radiates to space, which is assumed to be a black- body at 0 K.
1.28 The sun has a radius of and approximates a blackbody with a surface temperature of about 5800 K. Calculate the total rate of radiation from the sun and the emitted radiation flux per square meter of surface area.
1.11 Calculate the heat loss through a glass window 7-mm thick if the inner surface temperature is 20°C and the outer surface temperature is 17°C. Comment on the possible effect of radiation on your answer.
1.25 A spherical vessel, 0.3 m in diameter, is located in a large room whose walls are at 27°C (see sketch). If the vessel is used to store liquid oxygen at –183°C and both the surface of the storage vessel and the walls of the room are black, calculate the rate of heat transfer by radiation to the liquid oxygen in watts and in Btu/h.
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1.76 Explain a fundamental characteristic that differentiates conduction from convection and radiation.
The solar power striking Earth every day averages 168watts per square meter. The highest ever recorded electricalpower usage in New York City was 13,200 MW. A recordestablished in July of 2013. Considering that present technologyfor solar energy conversion is about 10% efficient,from how many square meters of land must sunlight becollected in order to provide this peak power? (For comparison,the total area of New York City is 830 km2.)
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A black hole is a blackbody if ever there was one, so it should emit blackbody radiation, called Hawking radiation. A black hole of mass M has a total energy of MC2, a surface area of 16πG2M2 / c4 and a temperature of hc3 /16π2kGM. Estimate the typical wavelength of the Hawking radiation emitted by a one-solar-mass (2 x 1030 kg) black hole. Compare your answer to the size of the black hole
The basal metabolic rate isthe rate at which energy is produced in the body when a person is at rest.A 75 kg (165 lb) person of height 1.83 m (6 ft) has a body surface areaof approximately 2.0 m2. (a) What is the net amount of heat this personcould radiate per second into a room at 18°C (about 65°F) if his skin’ssurface temperature is 30°C? (At such temperatures, nearly all the heatis infrared radiation, for which the body’s emissivity is 1.0, regardless ofthe amount of pigment.) (b) Normally, 80% of the energy produced bymetabolism goes into heat, while the rest goes into things like pumpingblood and repairing cells. Also normally, a person at rest can get rid ofthis excess heat just through radiation. Use your answer to part (a) to findthis person’s basal metabolic rate.