The fact that in the USA, a municipal bond could have a lower yield compared to federal government bonds is an example of Select one: a. the distortionary effect of taxes, making them more popular compared to Treasuries b. the distortionary effect of taxes, making them less popular compared to Treasuries c. the distortionary effect of taxes, increasing their supply relative to demand d. None of the above
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- During the 2007–2009 recession, the value of commonstocks in real terms fell by more than 50%. How mightthis decline in the stock market have affected aggregatedemand and thus contributed to the severity of therecession? Be specific about the mechanisms throughwhich the stock market decline affected the economy.How is L = 5.5? Please explain extensivelyThe country of Aquilonia has a tax system identical to that of Canada. Suppose an Aquilonian bought a parcel of land for $10,000 in 1960 when the price index equalled 100. In 2019, the person sold the land for $100,000, and the price index equalled 500. If the person must pay 20 percent of any capital gain in taxes, what is the after-tax real capital gain (in 2019 dollars) on the land? a. $72,000 b. $32,000 c. $6400 d. $62,000
- The demand D (in billions of £) for a bond with coupon rate 5% and face value FV = 1000, andtwo years to maturity as a function of its price P is D = 4000 − 2P. The supply in (billions of£) as a function of the price of the bond is S = 2P + 400. b) Suppose that the yield to maturity of the bond is i = 0.05. What is the quantitydemanded/supplied at this interest rate? What happens to the demand/supply of the bond asthe interest rate increases? Explain why. c) What is the equilibrium interest rate?The demand D (in billions of £) for a bond with coupon rate 5% and face value FV = 1000, andtwo years to maturity as a function of its price P is D = 4000 − 2P. The supply in (billions of£) as a function of the price of the bond is S = 2P + 400. b) Suppose that the yield to maturity of the bond is i = 0.05. What is the quantitydemanded/supplied at this interest rate? What happens to the demand/supply of the bond asthe interest rate increases? Explain why. c) What is the equilibrium interest rate? d) Suppose that the bond trades at premium. Is there excess demand or supply? Explain.e) There is a business cycle expansion, so both supply and demand shifts. After the shift, thenew demand curve is given by: D = 4000 + X − 2P, whereas the new supply curve is S =2P + 200. For which values of X will the interest increase/decrease? Which values of X arein line with empirical data?Suppose that in a given bond market, there is currentlyno information that can help potential bond buyers todistinguish between bonds. Which bond issuers havean incentive to disclose information about their companies? Explain why
- Suppose that private savings and investment functions are given by: S = −c0 + (1 − c1)(Y − T) I = b0 + b1Y with G = T = 0. Assume 0 < b1 < 1−c1 < 1 (i.e. that slope of the savings curve is steeper than that of the investment curve). (a) Model Basics: Draw a graph of the investment=savings model with S,I on the vertical axis, and Y on the horizontal axis. Clearly label the 1) specific values of each intercept, 2) specific values of the slopes of each curve. (b) Suppose consumers choose to save more by reducing consumption at any given level of income, so that c0 declines. Show this on the graph. What are the effects of this change on 1) output, 2) the level of private savings, 3) the level of investment. (c) Briefly describe the economic intuition behind your results. Why is this called the paradox of thrift? (1-2 sentences is fine). (d) Deriving the Model: Show that the equilibrium condition Y = C + I + G implies I = S + T − GHow would each of the following scenarios affect a firm's cost of debt, r d (l - t), t=tax rate; its cost of equity, rs; and its WACC? Indicate with an increase (I), a decreease (D), or no change (N) whether the factor would raise, lower, or have an indeterminate effect on the item in question. Assume for each answer that other things are held constant, even though in some instances this would probably not be true. rd (1-t) rs WACC 1) The corporate tax rate is lowered. 2) The Federal Reserve tightens credit. 3) The firm uses more debt; that is, it increases its debt ratio 4) The dividend payout ratio is increased.The demand ? (in billions of £) for a bond with coupon rate 5% and face value ?? = 1000, and two years to maturity as a function of its price ? is ? = 4000 − 2?. The supply in (billions of £)asafunctionofthepriceofthebondis ? = 2?+ 400. There is a business cycle expansion, so both supply and demand shifts. After the shift, the new demand curve is given by: ?=4000+?−2? ,whereas the new supply curve is ?=2? + 200. For which values of ? will the interest increase/decrease? Which values of ? are in line with empirical data?
- If a particular fintech company is likely to disrupt anyaspect of the country’s financial system, should thegovernment take steps to prevent it from doing so? Why orwhy not?Bond A pays $8,000 in 20 years. Bond B pays $8,000in 40 years. (To keep things simple, assume that theseare zero-coupon bonds, meaning the $8,000 is theonly payment the bondholder receives.)a. If the interest rate is 3.5 percent, what is the valueof each bond today? Which bond is worth more?Why? (Hint: You can use a calculator, but the ruleof 70 should make the calculation easy.)b. If the interest rate increases to 7 percent, what isthe value of each bond? Which bond has a largerpercentage change in value?c. Based on the example above, complete the twoblanks in this sentence: “The value of a bond[rises/falls] when the interest rate increases,and bonds with a longer time to maturity are[more/less] sensitive to changes in the interestrate.”D) Discussing the Equilibrium in the Endowment Economy: In the endowment economy, aggregate consumption must equal aggregate endowment ineach period. Using this condition and the optimal consumption functions derived,discuss how the equilibrium real interest rate rtis determined in this economy. Explainthe role of the real interest rate in ensuring equilibrium in the lending market and why itis necessary for achieving this equilibrium (e) Analyzing the Effect of Changes in Relative Risk Aversion:Given the consumption functions, discuss how changes in the coefficient of relative riskaversion (σ) affect the household’s consumption choices and the sensitivity of these choicesto changes in the real interest rate. Provide an intuitive explanation for your findings.