The figure below shows the processes that occur during vision. Answer the following questions with regards to this figure and the signal cascade triggered by adrenaline through the B-adrenergic receptor. The light receptor rhodopsin (Rh) has an analogous structure to the B-adrenergic receptor therefore this receptor should be O A a GPCR. O B. a ligand-gated ion channel. oca B-barrel protein. a tyrosine kinase with two subunits that dimerize. O E a globular protein.
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- What type of receptor requires an effector protein toinitiate a signal?a. biogenic amineb. ionotropic receptorc. cholinergic systemd. metabotropic receptorA patient presents with the chief complaint of being unable to perceive “saltiness,” but they can perceive other flavors. From the image below, you propose the following pathway changes for sour perceptions as an explanation for these symptoms: A. The channels for Na+ were damaged B. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are not functioning C. There is no neurotransmitter release D. The afferent nerve is damaged E. All the above are viable pathway changes that would uniquely prevent the perception of saltyTransmitters in pain control system include all the following, except :-a- serotoninb- acetylcholinec- enkephalind- norepinephrine
- outline the neurochemical transmission and inhibition of pain. Then using the gate-control theory, devise a plan to minimize pain during your next visit to the dentist. Why is this important for you to know in public healthReceptors such as those in the inner ear, respond to stimulation with an AM response. In contrast, a neuron connected to that receptor, sending information centrally (ex: the brain) respond in an FM manner. Differentiate between: I. how the degree of stimulation to the receptor is encoded as compared to, II. the degree of the stimulation encoding by the neuron connected to the receptorOutline the neurochemical transmission and inhibition of pain. Then using the gate-control theory, devise a plan to minimize pain during your next visit to the dentist.
- Certain cells in the retina respond differently to the direction in which objects move. To understand how cells in the retina respond to different visual stimuli, the activity of a retinal ganglion cell was measured while a square moved across its visual field. Which statement best explains the increases in voltage during the periodic spikes? A. Depolarization of a neuron past a threshold voltage causes sodium channels to close. B. Depolarization of a neuron past a threshold voltage causes sodium channels to open. C. Depolarization of a neuron past a threshold voltage causes potassium channels to close. D. Depolarization of a neuron past a threshold voltage causes potassium channels to open.When activating what kind of receptor do you get the fastest (physiological) response? Select an option: a.Transport protein-coupled receptors b.G-protein-coupled receptorsIntracellular receptors c.Ion channel coupled receptorsTyrosine kinase-coupled receptorsThe drug Rohypnol ("roofies") acts as a sedative. What is the mechanism by which roofies act in the brain? A. Roofies act at the GABA receptor complex which opens a sodium channel B. Roofies act at the acetylcholine receptor C. Roofies act as a dopamine receptor agonist D. Roofies block the dopamine transporter E. Roofies act at the GABA receptor complex which opens a chloride channel
- Which statement about glutamate and DA in regard to symptoms associated with schizophrenia is true? a.) Overabundance of glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in mesolimbic DA and decreases in PFC function. b.) Insufficient glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in mesolimbic DA and decreases in PFC function. c.) NMDA receptors have indirect excitatory effects on of midbrain mesolimbic DA neurons that project to limbic regions. d.) Schizophrenic symptoms are due to increased DA function in mesocortical neurons along with reduced DA function in mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons.Briefly explain the difference between a receptor antagonist and a receptor inverse agonist. Describe both the resulting receptor conformation as well as the signal transduction.A nurse uses a whirlpool to relax a patient following intensephysical therapy to restore movement in her legs. What isa potent pain-blocking neuromodulator, released throughrelaxation techniques?a. Prostaglandinsb. Substance Pc. Endorphinsd. Serotonin