College Physics 1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168000
Author: Paul Peter Urone, Roger Hinrichs
Publisher: Paul Peter Urone, Roger Hinrichs
1 Introduction: The Nature Of Science And Physics 2 Kinematics 3 Two-dimensional Kinematics 4 Dynamics: Force And Newton's Laws Of Motion 5 Further Applications Of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag, And Elasticity 6 Uniform Circular Motion And Gravitation 7 Work, Energy, And Energy Resources 8 Linear Momentum And Collisions 9 Statics And Torque 10 Rotational Motion And Angular Momentum 11 Fluid Statics 12 Fluid Dynamics And Its Biological And Medical Applications 13 Temperature, Kinetic Theory, And The Gas Laws 14 Heat And Heat Transfer Methods 15 Thermodynamics 16 Oscillatory Motion And Waves 17 Physics Of Hearing 18 Electric Charge And Electric Field 19 Electric Potential And Electric Field 20 Electric Current, Resistance, And Ohm's Law 21 Circuits And Dc Instruments 22 Magnetism 23 Electromagnetic Induction, Ac Circuits, And Electrical Technologies 24 Electromagnetic Waves 25 Geometric Optics 26 Vision And Optical Instruments 27 Wave Optics 28 Special Relativity 29 Introduction To Quantum Physics 30 Atomic Physics 31 Radioactivity And Nuclear Physics 32 Medical Applications Of Nuclear Physics 33 Particle Physics 34 Frontiers Of Physics Chapter15: Thermodynamics
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1CQ: Describe the photo of the tea kettle at the beginning of this section in terms of heat transfer,... Problem 2CQ: The first law of thermodynamics and the conservation of energy, as discussed in Conservation of... Problem 3CQ: Heat transfer Q and work done W are always energy in transit, whereas internal energy U is energy... Problem 4CQ: How do heat transfer and internal energy differ? In particular, which can be stored as such in a... Problem 5CQ: If you run down some stairs and stop, what happens to your kinetic energy and your initial... Problem 6CQ: Give an explanation of how food energy (calories) can be viewed as molecular potential energy... Problem 7CQ: Identify the type of energy transferred to your body in each of the following as either internal... Problem 8CQ: A great deal of effort time, and money has been spent in the quest for the so-called... Problem 9CQ: One method of converting heat transfer to doing work is for heat transfer into a gas to take place,... Problem 10CQ: Would the previous question make any sense for an isochoric process? Explain your answer. Problem 11CQ: We ordinarily say that U=0 for an isothermal process. Does this assume no phase change takes place?... Problem 12CQ: The temperature of a rapidly expanding gas decreases. Explain why in terms of the first law of... Problem 13CQ: Which cyclical process represented by the two closed loops, ABCFA end ABDEA, on the PV diagram in... Problem 14CQ: A real process may be nearly adiabatic if it occurs over a very short time. How does the short time... Problem 15CQ: It is unlikely that a process can be isothermal unless it is a very slow process. Explain why. Is... Problem 16CQ: Imagine you are driving a car up Pike’s Peak in Colorado. To raise a car weighing 1000 kilograms a... Problem 17CQ: Is a temperature difference necessary to operate a heal engine? State why or why not. Problem 18CQ: Definitions of efficiency vary depending on how energy is being converted. Compare the definitions... Problem 19CQ: Whyother than the fact that the second law of thermodynamics says reversible engines are the most... Problem 20CQ: Think about the drinking bird at the beginning of this section (Figure 15.21). Although the bird... Problem 21CQ: Can improved engineering and materials be employed in heat engines to reduce heat transfer into the... Problem 22CQ: Does the second law of thermodynamics alter the conservation of energy principle? Problem 23CQ: Explain why heat pumps do not work as well in very cold climates as they do in milder ones. Is the... Problem 24CQ: In some Northern European nations, homes are being built without heating systems of any type. They... Problem 25CQ: Why do refrigerators, air conditioners, and heat pumps operate most costeffectively for cycles with... Problem 26CQ: Grocery store managers contend that there is less total energy consumption in the summer it the... Problem 27CQ: Can you cool a kitchen by leaving the refrigerator door open? Problem 28CQ: A woman shuts her summer cottage up in September and returns in June. No one has entered the cottage... Problem 29CQ: Consider a system with a certain energy content, from which we wish to extract as much work as... Problem 30CQ: Does a gas become more orderly when it liquefies? Does its entropy change? If s, does the entropy... Problem 31CQ: Explain how water’s entropy can decrease when it freezes without violating the second law of... Problem 32CQ: Is a uniform-temperature gas more or less orderly than one with several different temperatures?... Problem 33CQ: Give an example of a spontaneous process in which a system becomes less ordered and energy becomes... Problem 34CQ: What is the change in entropy in an adiabatic process? Does this imply that adiabatic processes are... Problem 35CQ: Does the entropy at a star increase or decrease as it radiates? Does the entropy of the space into... Problem 36CQ: Explain why a building made of bricks has smaller entropy than the same bricks in a disorganized... Problem 37CQ: Explain why a building made of bricks has smaller entropy than the same bricks in a disorganized... Problem 1PE: What is the change in internal energy of a car if you put 12.0 gal of gasoline into its tank? The... Problem 2PE: How much heat transfer occurs from a system, if its internal energy decreased by 150 J while it was... Problem 3PE: A system does 1.80108J of work while 7.50108J of heat transfer occurs to the environment. What is... Problem 4PE: What is the change in internal energy of a system which does 4.50105J of work while 3.00106J of heat... Problem 5PE: Suppose a woman does 500 J of work and 9500 J of heat transfer occurs into the environment in the... Problem 6PE: (a) How much food energy will a man metabolize in the process of doing 35.0 kJ of work with an... Problem 7PE: (a) What is the average metabolic rate in watts of a man who metabolizes 10,500 kJ of feed energy in... Problem 8PE: (a) How long will the energy in a 1470kJ (350kcal) cup of yogurt last in a woman doing work at the... Problem 9PE: (a) A woman climbing the Washington Monument metabolizes 6.00102kJ of food energy. If her efficiency... Problem 10PE: A car tire contains 0.0380m3 S of air at a pressure of 2.20105N/m2 (about 32 psi). How much more... Problem 11PE: A heliumfilled toy balloon has a gauge pressure of 0.200 atm and a volume of 10.0 L. How much... Problem 12PE: Steam to drive an old—fashioned steam locomotive is supplied at a constant gauge pressure of... Problem 13PE: A hand—driven tire pump has a piston with a 2.50cm diameter and a maximum stroke of 30.0 cm. (a) How... Problem 14PE: Calculate the net work output of a heat engine following path ABCDA in the figure below. Problem 15PE: What is the net work output of a heat engine that follows path ABBA in the figure above, with a... Problem 16PE: Unreasonable Results What is wrong with the claim that a cyclical heat engine does 4.00 kJ of work... Problem 17PE: (a) A cyclical heat engine, operating between temperatures of 450C and 150C produces 4.00 MJ of work... Problem 18PE: Construct Your Own Problem Consider a car's gasoline engine. Construct a problem in which you... Problem 19PE: Construct Your Own Problem Consider a car trip into the mountains. Construct a problem in which you... Problem 20PE: A certain heat engine does 10.0 kJ of work and 8.50 kJ of heat transfer occurs to the environment in... Problem 21PE: With 2.56106J of heat transfer into this engine, a given cyclical heat engine can do only 1.50105J... Problem 22PE: (a) What is the work output of a cyclical heat engine having a 22.0% eficiency and 6.00109J of heat... Problem 23PE: (a) What is the eficiency of a cyclical heat engine in which 75.0 kJ of heat transfer occurs to the... Problem 24PE: The engine of a large Ship does 2.00108J of work with an eficiency of 5.00%. (a) How much heat... Problem 25PE: (a) How much heat transfer occurs to the environment by an electrical power station that uses... Problem 26PE: Assume that the turbines at a coal—powered power plant were upgraded, resulting in an improvement in... Problem 27PE: This problem compares the energy output and heat transfer to the environment by two different types... Problem 28PE: A certain gasoline engine has an efficiency of 30.0%. What would the hot reservoir temperature be... Problem 29PE: A gascooled nuclear reactor operates between hot and cold reservoir temperatures of 700C and 27.0C.... Problem 30PE: (a) What is the hot reservoir temperature of a Carnot engine that has an eficiency of 42.0% and a... Problem 31PE: Steam locomotives have an efficiency of 17.0% and operate with a hot steam temperature of 425C. (a)... Problem 32PE: Practical steam engines utilize 450C steam, which is later exhausted at 270C. (a) What is the... Problem 33PE: A coalfired electrical power station has an efficiency of 38%. The temperature of the steam leaving... Problem 34PE: Would you be willing to financially back an inventor who is marketing a device that she claims has... Problem 35PE: Unreasonable Results (a) Suppose you want to design a steam engine that has heat transfer to the... Problem 36PE: Unreasonable Results Calculate the cold reservoir temperature of a steam engine that uses hot steam... Problem 37PE: What is the coefficient of performance of an ideal heat pump that has heat transfer from a cold... Problem 38PE: Suppose you have an ideal refrigerator that cools an environment at 20.0C and has heat transfer to... Problem 39PE: What is the best coefficient of performance possible for a hypothetical refrigerator that could make... Problem 40PE: In a very mild winter climate, a heat pump has heat transfer from an environment at 5.00C to one at... Problem 41PE: (a) What is the best coefficient of performance for a heat pump that has a hot reservoir temperature... Problem 42PE: (a) What is the best coefficient of performance for a refrigerator that cools an environment at... Problem 43PE: Suppose you want to operate an ideal refrigerator with a cold temperature of 10.0C, and you would... Problem 44PE: An ideal heat pump is being considered for use in heating an environment with a temperature of... Problem 45PE: A 4ton air conditioner removes 5.60107J (48,000 British thermal units) from a cold environment in... Problem 46PE: Show that the coefficients of performance of refrigerators and heat pumps are related by... Problem 47PE: (a) On a winter day, a certain house loses 5.00108J of heat to the outside (about 500,000 Btu). What... Problem 48PE: On a hot summer day, 4.00106J of heat transfer into a parked car takes place, increasing its... Problem 49PE: A hot rock ejected from a volcano's lava fountain cools from 1100C to 40.0C, and its entropy... Problem 50PE: When 1.60105J of heat transfer occurs into a meat pie initially at 20.0C, its entropy increases by... Problem 51PE: The Sun radiates energy at the rate of 3.801026W from its 5500C surface into dark empty space (a... Problem 52PE: (a) In reaching equilibrium, how much heat transfer occurs from 1.00 kg of water at 40.0C when it is... Problem 53PE: What is the decrease in entropy of 25.0 g of water that condenses on a bathroom mirror at a... Problem 54PE: Find the increase in entropy of 1.00 kg of liquid nitrogen that starts at its boiling temperature,... Problem 55PE: A large electrical power station generates 1000 MW of electricity with an efficiency of 35.0%. (a)... Problem 56PE: (a) How much heat transfer occurs from 20.0 kg of 90.0C water placed in contact with 20.0 kg of... Problem 57PE: Using Table 15.4, verify the contention that if you toss 100 coins each second, you can expect to... Problem 58PE: What percent of the time will you get something in the range from 60 heads and 40 tails through 40... Problem 59PE: (a) If tossing 100 coins, how many ways (microstates) are there to get me three most likely macro... Problem 60PE: (a) What is the change in entropy if you start with 100 coins in the 45 heads and 55 tails... Problem 61PE: (a) What is the change in entropy if you start with 10 coins in the 5 heads and 5 tails macrostate,... Problem 62PE: (a) If you toss 10 coins, what percent of the time will you get the three most likely macrostates (6... Problem 63PE: (a) Construct a table showing the macro states and all of the individual microstates for tossing 13... Problem 64PE: In an air conditioner, 12.65 MJ of heat transfer occurs from a cold environment in 1.00 h. (a) What... Problem 45PE: A 4ton air conditioner removes 5.60107J (48,000 British thermal units) from a cold environment in...
Related questions
Concept explainers
Item 5
The first law of thermodynamics states that once energy is consumed, it can no longer be converted to any other form of energy.
True or False
Item 26
The optimal pH range for the stomach enzyme pepsin is
Multiple Choice
a. 2–4.
b. 6–8.
c. 7.3–7.4.
d. 10–12.
e. 12.0–13.5.
Item 27
Allosteric inhibitors are also called noncompetitive inhibitors.
True or False
Item 34
Lactose intolerance is caused by the lack of the enzyme lactase. This enzyme _________ the cells that make it.
Multiple Choice
a. is embedded within the membranes of
b. is secreted from
c. remains within
d. None of the choices are correct.
Item 35
Organic cofactors are referred to as _________.
Fill in the blank
Item 36
Noncompetitive inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the inhibitor binds to the
Multiple Choice
a. allosteric site, and its effectiveness is not influenced by substrate concentration.
b. allosteric site, and its effectiveness depends on substrate concentration.
c. active site, and its effectiveness is not influenced by substrate concentration.
d. active site, and its effectiveness depends on substrate concentration.
e. substrate, and its effectiveness depends on product concentration.
Item 37
A substance that binds to the active site of an enzyme and turns it off is called a _________ inhibitor.
Fill in the blank
Item 38
Lactase is an enzyme that digests lactose.
True or False
Item 39
Exergonic reactions do not require activation energy.
True or False
Item 40
An enzyme that is described as a protein kinase is a
Multiple Choice
a. hydrolase that removes an amino acid from a protein.
b. transferase that transfers a phosphate group to a protein substrate.
c. ligase that adds an amino acid to a protein.
d. isomerase that changes one protein into another.
e. protease that transfers electrons from one protein to another.
Science that deals with the amount of energy transferred from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state.
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