Answered: The major function of cAMP in animal…

The major function of cAMP in animal cells is to activate adenylyl cyclase protein kinase A protein kinase C tyrosine kinases

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter32: The Reception And Transmission Of Extracellular Information

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 22P

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Concept explainers

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.

Question

The major function of cAMP in animal cells is to activate

adenylyl cyclase
protein kinase A
protein kinase C
tyrosine kinases

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CAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a molecule that can activate kinase enzymes allosterically in the cytoplasm. Describe the effects of CAMP molecules on kinase enzymes.
1. SH2 domains in relay proteins specifically bind to __________. Gα-GTP Ca2+ions cAMP glucagon phosphorylated tyrosine residues in receptor tyrosine kinase
Epinephrine causes a liver cell to produce glucose from glycogen in a flight-or-fight response. In the signaling pathway triggered by the specific receptor binding, explain the mechanism for activation of Protein kinase A (PKA). indicate what mechanism/s for enzyme regulation is/are involved in the process (focus on the activation of PKA in response to epinephrine and draw what happens to the enzyme ie how it becomes activated).
Protein Kinase A can phosphorylate different proteins in different cells. Explain the role of AKAP’s (A Kinase Anchoring Protein’s) in determining which substrates of Protein Kinase A will get phosphorylated in particular cells.
Pay close attention to the information related to figure 3.14a and the structure of the PKA catalytic site in this figure. In a few well-written sentences, propose the following: A mutation that would result in PKA becoming a dead kinase*. A mutation that would result in PKA becoming a constitutively active** kinase.
Activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) stimulate protein-protein interactions. True or False
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Some strains of bacteria or microorganisms have developed toxins that can modify the activity of the alpha subunit of G proteins which results in disease. For ex. cholera toxin, produced by Vibrio cholerae, causes ADP ribosylation of the stimulatory Gαs subunit of G proteins. This modification abolishes the GTPase of Gαs, and results in an αs subunit that is always in the “on” or active state. It results in continuous stimulation of adenylyl cyclase (AC). The main cells affected by this are the epithelial cell in gastrointestinal tract. Knowing this altered activity of AC, explain why patients affected by this toxin experience severe diarrhea and dehydration that may result in death.
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