The methods that we used for approximating single integrals all have counterparts for double integrals. The “Midpoint Rule” for double integrals is given in the following equation.
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- Suppose that the equation ax b .mod n/ is solvable (that is, d j b, whered D gcd.a; n/) and that x0 is any solution to this equation. Then, this equation has exactly d distinct solutions, modulo n, given by xi D x0 C i.n=d / fori D 0; 1; : : : ; d 1Let l be a line in the x-yplane. If l is a vertical line, its equation is x = a for some real number a. Suppose l is not a vertical line and its slope is m. Then the equation of l is y = mx + b, where b is the y-intercept. If l passes through the point (x₀, y₀), the equation of l can be written as y - y₀ = m(x - x₀). If (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂) are two points in the x-y plane and x₁ ≠ x₂, the slope of line passing through these points is m = (y₂ - y₁)/(x₂ - x₁). Instructions Write a program that prompts the user for two points in the x-y plane. Input should be entered in the following order: Input x₁ Input y₁ Input x₂Find the relation between the following functions: f(n) = log n and g(n) = Vn. (Square root for n)Hint: you may use L'Hopital's Theorem. For function f(n)=log n and time t=1 second, determine the largest size n of a problem that can be solved in time t, assume that the algorithm to solve the problem takes f(n) microseconds. Suppose you have algorithms with the two running times listed below. Suppose you have a computer that can perform 6 operations per second, and you need to compute a result in at most an hour of computation. For each of the algorithms, what is the largest input size n for which you would be able toget the result within an hour for:a) n^3b)10n^2
- In a hypothetical study of population dynamics, scientists have been tracking the number of rabbits and foxes on an island. The number of rabbits and foxes are determined once a year using high resolution infrared cameras and advanced computer vision methods.Each year, the number of rabbits and foxes are found to change by the following equations: $$ {\Delta}R = round( kr*R - krf*R*F ) $$ $$ {\Delta}F = round( -kf*F + kfr*R*F ) $$ where $ {\Delta}r $ and $ {\Delta} f $ are the changes in number of rabbits and foxes by the end of that year; and R and F are the population sizes at the end of the previous year. kr, krf, kf, kfr are coefficients that depend on the species of rabbits and foxes.With these dynamics, the scientists realize that one or both species can become extinct on the island. At the end of each year, if there are fewer than 2 animals of a kind, the scientists transfer rabbits and/or foxes to make sure there are at least 2 of each kind.Write a function…Generate the graph of f(xk) vs k where k is the iteration number and xk is the current estimate of x at iteration k. This graph should convey the decreasing nature of function values.In R-Studio Problem 2. Find a large set of integers (with at least 10000 observations) representing a sample drawn from real life (i.e., do not generate the numbers using some random number generator). First, explain what the integers correspond to in real life. Then, investigate the distribution of the integers, and also the first and last digits of the integers in this sample (For example, if the data has [34 65], plot the distribution of these numbers and also distribution of [3,6] and [4 ,5] separately). Does any of these digits follow a uniform distribution? Is this expected? If one of them does not follow a uniform distribution, what distribution does it follow? Can you explain why? [You can analyze the image age dataset provided by IMDB Wiki, which contains the ages of actors and actresses whose photos are present in the IMDB database. The data contains 459868 age values in years, ranging from 1 to 99 years.]
- Let f and g be functions from the set of integers or the set of real numbers to the set of real numbers. We say that f ( x ) is O ( g ( x ) ), read as "f ( x ) is big-oh of g ( x )", if there are constants C and k such that | f ( x ) | ≤ C | g ( x ) | whenever x > k. KINDLY SHOW YOUR SOLUTION. 7. Generating sequences of random-like numbers in a specific range. Xi+1 = aXi + c Mod m where, X, is the sequence of pseudo-random numbers m, ( > 0) the modulus a, (0, m) the multiplier c, (0, m) the increment X0, [0, m) – Initial value of sequence known as seed m, a, c, and X0 should be chosen appropriately to get a period almost equal to m For a = 1, it will be the additive congruence method. For c = 0, it will be the multiplicative congruence methodConsider the problem of making change for n cents using the fewest number of coins. Assume that we live in a country where coins come in k dierent denominations c1, c2, . . . , ck, such that the coin values are positive integers, k ≥ 1, and c1 = 1, i.e., there are pennies, so there is a solution for every value of n. For example, in case of the US coins, k = 4, c1 = 1, c2 = 5, c3 = 10, c4 = 25, i.e., there are pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters. To give optimal change in the US for n cents, it is sufficient to pick as many quarters as possible, then as many dimes as possible, then as many nickels as possible, and nally give the rest in pennies. Design a bottom-up (non-recursive) O(nk)-time algorithm that makes change for any set of k different coin denominations. Write down the pseudocode and analyze its running time. Argue why your choice of the array and the order in which you fill in the values is the correct one. Notice how it is a lot easier to analyze the running time of…Consider the problem of making change for n cents using the fewest number of coins. Assume that we live in a country where coins come in k dierent denominations c1, c2, . . . , ck, such that the coin values are positive integers, k ≥ 1, and c1 = 1, i.e., there are pennies, so there is a solution for every value of n. For example, in case of the US coins, k = 4, c1 = 1, c2 = 5, c3 = 10, c4 = 25, i.e., there are pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters. To give optimal change in the US for n cents, it is sufficient to pick as many quarters as possible, then as many dimes as possible, then as many nickels as possible, and nally give the rest in pennies. Design a bottom-up (non-recursive) O(nk)-time algorithm that makes change for any set of k different coin denominations. Write down the pseudocode and analyze its running time. Argue why your choice of the array and the order in which you ll in the values is the correct one.
- Consider the problem of making change for n cents using the fewest number of coins. Assume that we live in a country where coins come in k dierent denominations c1, c2, . . . , ck, such that the coin values are positive integers, k ≥ 1, and c1 = 1, i.e., there are pennies, so there is a solution for every value of n. For example, in case of the US coins, k = 4, c1 = 1, c2 = 5, c3 = 10, c4 = 25, i.e., there are pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters. To give optimal change in the US for n cents, it is sufficient to pick as many quarters as possible, then as many dimes as possible, then as many nickels as possible, and nally give the rest in pennies. Prove that the coin changing problem exhibits optimal substructure. Design a recursive backtracking (brute-force) algorithm that returns the minimum number of coins needed to make change for n cents for any set of k different coin denominations. Write down the pseudocode and prove that your algorithm is correct.Q_5 Suppose f:RZ where fx=2x-1.If A={x |1x 4}, find f(A).If B={3,4,5,6,7}, find f(B).If C={-9, -8}, find f^ - 1(C)USING PYTHON A tridiagonal matrix is one where the only nonzero elements are the ones on the main diagonal (i.e., ai,j where j = i) and the ones immediately above and belowit(i.e.,ai,j wherej=i+1orj=i−1). Write a function that solves a linear system whose coefficient matrix is tridiag- onal. In this case, Gauss elimination can be made much more efficient because most elements are already zero and don’t need to be modified or added. Please show steps and explain.