The same second messengers are used in many different cells, but the response to second messengers is different in each cell. How is this possible?

Q: How do Signal transduction pathways differ between lipid-solubleand water-soluble messengers?

A: Introduction  Hormones regulates various physiological activities of the body such as growth,…

Q: Explain the Crosstalk between 2nd messenger systems and the purpose of each step of the pathway.

A: There is crosstalk between different second messenger systems in the cell. This crosstalk allows for…

Q: Which Membrane receptors are important in hormonal signalling ?

A: The transmembrane proteins are considered membrane receptors. The main function of membrane…

Q: List the general categories of intercellular messengers and brieflydescribe how they differ?

A: Chemical messengers are the substances that deliver the signals.

Q: What is neuroendocrine signalling?

A: Answer- There are some cells that are present in the pituitary and hypothalamus gland that recieves…

Q: Select one second messenger and explain its structure and function

A: The cellular structures which recognise and bind to hormones are called receptors. receptors are…

Q: What are Pathways Initiated by Water-Soluble Messengers?

A: Introduction  Signals can be classified into two based on their chemical properties: Hydrophobic…

Q: What are the characteristics of receptors binding to messengers?

A: The plasma membrane contains several transmembrane proteins embedded in them. These proteins are…

Q: Phospholipase A2 causes the release of what fatty acid from membrane phospholipids? What chemical…

A: Phospholipase is an enzyme that breaks down phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic…

Q: What is the nature of the receptors that bind intercellular chemical messengers?

A: Chemical messenger can be defined as any compound that serves to transmit the message and may refer…

Q: Please Name and explain the four classes of chemical messengers.

A: Any substance that transmits a message in our body is referred to as a chemical messenger.

Q: Which of the following terms is used to describe a drug that has the same effect on a receptor as…

A: Since there are multiple questions in this particular question, I will answer the first one for you.…

Q: explain why some cells respond to chemical messengers and others do not?

A: BASIC INFORMATION  HORMONES  They are considered as the chemical messenger of our body. The glands…

Q: G-protein linked receptors exhibit which of the following? (A) Tyrosine kinase activity (B) ATPase…

A: G protein coupled receptors are the most common group of membrane receptors in eukaryotes. They…

Q: Define intracellular signaling.

A: Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. An organism is termed as…

Q: List the two major classes of receptors for chemical messengers?

A: In a biological system, receptors are the protein structures that help in the transmission of…

Q: Catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine among having many physiological effects like…

A: Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are molecules called catecholamines. They are…

Q: If DAG and IP3 are second messengers, what function does Ca2+ serve? Would Ca2+ also be called a…

A: Minerals although are found only in small quantities, are absolutely essential for the proper…

Q: What is the difference in structure between G-protein linked receptors and enzyme-linked receptors?

A: The structure of G-protein linked receptors is different from the enzyme linked receptors.

Q: Why is the lifetime of second messengers so crucial to signaling efficiency? Example: Genetically…

A: Secondary messengers act as mediators of information between cell-surface receptors and effector…

Q: Briefly describe the series of events that takesplace when cAMP acts as a second messenger.

A: The cAMP signalling pathway also known as adenylyl cyclase pathway is a G-protein coupled receptor…

Q: Defines the situation when all receptor binding sites are occupied by a messenger

A: Saturation  define the situation when all the receptor binding sites are occupied by a messenger.

Q: How do second messengers work?

A: Cell is the primary unit of life. The phenomenon by which the cells communicate with one another is…

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of Water-soluble signals? Have a short half life Usually use 2nd…

A: water soluble signals By releasing soluble signals into their environment and bloodstream, cells can…

Q: Explain Ca21 as a Second Messenger?

A: Introduction  Calcium is a very important ion present intracellularly. It controls various processes…

Q: Under what conditions might receptor up-regulation occur? receptor down-regulation?

A: Signaling molecules bind to the receptors present in their target cells.

Q: What feature do all second messengers have in common?

A:

Q: Calcium ions that act as second messengers are stored in

A: When water soluble hormone binds to cell membrane receptor then they lead to production of secondary…

Q: Define what is meant by a second messenger.

A: To answer this question we should have knowledge of Biochemistry.

Q: Second messengers are needed because:

A:

Q: why  is a cell unable to respond to epinephrine signaling

A: * common goal of signalling pathways is to to produce cellular response, a signal is released by the…

Q: How does the chemical nature of lipid-soluble messengers relate to the general principle of…

A: A hormone is a chemical messenger which is secreted and which enables communication throughout the…

Q: What is second messengers?

A: Introduction: Messengers in the cell are chemical substances that carry out signals to different…

Q: Choose the signaling or type of receptor for each

A: Dear student. Answer:- 1)This is an inhibitory type of receptor mainly found in CNS.GABA(gamma…

Q: Explain what is Major Second Messengers?

A: Receptors are protein-based chemical structures that receive and transmit signals from biological…

Q: Why are enkephalins sometimes called neurohormones?

A: Neurohormone : It is any hormone produced and released by neuroendocrine cells into the blood.…

Q: Which are the two major classes of receptors for chemical messengers?

A: Receptors and ligands come in a variety of forms and sizes, but they always have one thing in…

Q: Briefly describe what is signal amplification process using cAMP as the second messenger for example

A: Signal amplification : It is defined as an increase in the intensity of a signal through networks of…

Q: Which is useful for long-distance signaling, and why?

A: In science, the traditional principle of the sensory system confirms that it is a profoundly complex…

Q: What are the advantages of having an enzyme (like adenylyl cyclase) involved in the initial response…

A: The small molecules and ions that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface for…

Q: Describe the signal transduction pathway that lipid-soluble messengers use.

A: Membrane proteins are proteins that are present in the plasma membrane of the cell. These proteins…

Q: All of the following molecules can act as second messenger Except: O Enzyme O CAMP O Calcium ions O…

A: First messengers are usually extracellular factors. Hormones and neurotransmitters are the examples.…

Q: . AMPK and MTOR can both be considered intracellular signal integrators. Explain this definition.

A: The mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)  is a kinase encoded by MTOR gene in humans. AMPK (5' AMP…

Q: AMPK and mTOR can both be considered intracellular signal integrators. Explain this definition.

A: A cell responds to its environment by action of enzyme cascades. This signaling is an ability of…

Q: Which of the following is not correct about a second messenger system? A. The activating hormone…

A: Second messenger system: They are intramolecular signaling molecules released by the cell in…

Q: All of these are considered as a second messengers except: O a. Cyclic AMP. O b. Diacylglycerol. O…

A: In any signaling pathway, the molecules that act as hormones (Environmental factors) are called…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.