The shark rectal gland has been a great model for various other structures. Where are the same processes observed? (select all that apply) Mammalian kidney Chloride channels in lung epithelia Freshwater fish
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- DIGESTION, EXCRETION AND REPRODUCTION IN AN AMPHIBIAN THE URINOGENITAL SYSTEM: Labelled drawing of the structures of both urinogenital systems of the toad (both male and female), showing the following items: Female: 1. fat body 2. ovaries 3. eggs 4. oviducts Male: 1. fat body 2. testes 3. vasa efferentiaIn mammals, the kidneys are the only organs that regulateroutine excretion of water, salts, and nitrogenous wastes fromthe blood. As logical as this may sound to us, it is unique amongvertebrates. For each of the other groups of vertebrates, describethe functions of as many organs as you can—in addition tothe kidneys—that participate in these processes. Consider thediscussions of these groups of animalsThe mammalian kidney contains an immense network of nephrons that functions to conserve water by producing urine that is hyperosmotic compared to other body fluids. Describe in detail how the transport epithelia of the nephron and collecting duct are able to use transport mechanisms to process the filtrate as it moves through the vessels and produce a hyperosmotic filtrate.
- the process that initiates urine formation in most types of vertebrates is ultrafiltration of fluid from the blood plasma into kidney tubules under the force of blood pressure. What properties of the blood plasma in the urine-forming structures of the kidney are likely to affect the rate of ultrafiltration into the kidney tubules? Why is failure of urine production a potential side effect of heart disease?The mammalian kidney contains an immense network of nephrons that functions to conserve water by producing urine that is hyperosmotic compared to other body fluids. Explain how the transport epithelia of the nephron and collecting duct are able to use transport mechanisms to process the filtrate as it moves through the vessels and produce a hyperosmotic filtrate.The kidney of a cactus wren is less efficient at concentrating urine than are the kidneys of a kangaroo rat. However, the cactus wren produces less urine. Explain this apparent contradiction.
- Renal Physiology (human) The foot processes of podocytes surround the peritubular capillaries of both cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons. Vasa recta are long, straight blood vessels associated with juxtamedullary nephrons. Canagliflozin is a therapeutic drug that acts on the collecting duct to decrease glucose reabsorption.Sperm whales have a specialized spermaceti organ in their head cavities filled with wax cetyl palmitate (C15H31COOC16H33). Explain what is the purpose of this organ in sperm whales.Many types of fishes live in freshwater. Generally, water moves by osmosis from the surrounding fresh water into the fish's body. This observation helps to explain which feature of the excretory systems of freshwater fishes? a. They tend to produce dilute, watery urine. b. They tend to produce concentrated, dark urine. c. They do not produce urine, but instead conserve or re-use nitrogenous wastes. d. They may produce either dilute or concentrated urine, depending on the activity of the fish.
- The ________mechanism of regulation of the GFR reflects the general tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when stretched a) tubule-glomerular b) myogenic c) neural e) hormonalYou are studying renal function in different species of mammals that are found in very different environments. You look at species from a desert environment and compare them with ones from a tropical environment. The desert species would be expected to havea. shorter loops of Henle than the tropical species.b. longer loops of Henle than the tropical species.c. shorter proximal convoluted tubules than the tropical species.d. longer distal convoluted tubules than the tropical species.Considering the distal convoluted tubule of the amphibiannephron, explain how changes in the permeability of the tubulewall to water affect the amount of pure, osmotically free waterexcreted in the urine. Define what is meant by pure, osmoticallyfree water.
