The successful sequencing of the human genomeThe human genome holds an extraordinary amount of information about humandevelopment, medicine, and evolution. In 2000, the human genome was triumphantly releasedas a reference genome with approximately 8% missing information (gaps). In 2022- exactly 22years later, technological advances enabled the gaps to be filled. This is a notable scientificmilestone, leading to the resolution of critical aspects of human genetic diversity, includingevolutionary comparisons to our ancestors. Discuss the sequencing technology used to resolvethe human genome in 2005, its significant advantages and limitations? What was thetechnology used in 2022, and how significant are the gaps that have been resolved? What newinsight will be gained from this new information- especially pertaining to understandingepigenetics?Your work should be approx. 2 x A4 pages, written in Calibri font size 11, 1.5 spacing.Only include academic peer-reviewed articles as references.The Turn-it-in report for your essay should be less than 15% plagiarism.RUBRICThemeMarksIntroduction- background into the humangenomeSequencing methods used in 2000- thestrength and limitations (This can include ahistorical perspective of some of theIn10

The Human Genome project or HGP is a huge project which was aimed to map and sequence the entire…

Answered: The successful sequencing of the human…

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter14: Biotechnology And Society

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2CS: Can DNA profiling identify the source of a sample with absolute certainty? Because any two human...

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The human genome holds an extraordinary amount of information about human development, medicine, and evolution. In 2000, the human genome was triumphantly released as a reference genome with approximately 8% missing information (gaps). In 2022- exactly 22 years later, technological advances enabled the gaps to be filled. This is a notable scientific milestone, leading to the resolution of critical aspects of human genetic diversity, including evolutionary comparisons to our ancestors. Discuss the sequencing technology used to resolve the human genome in 2005, its significant advantages and limitations? What was the technology used in 2022, and how significant are the gaps that have been resolved? What new insight will be gained from this new information- especially pertaining to understanding epigenetics?
The human genome holds an extraordinary amount of information about human development, medicine, and evolution. In 2000, the human genome was triumphantly released as a reference genome with approximately 8% missing information (gaps). In 2022- exactly 22 years later, technological advances enabled the gaps to be filled. This is a notable scientific milestone, leading to the resolution of critical aspects of human genetic diversity, including evolutionary comparisons to our ancestors. What was the technology used in 2022, and how significant are the gaps that have been resolved?
in 2000, the human genome was triumphantly released as a reference genome with approximately 8% missing information (gaps). In 2022- exactly 22 years later, technological advances enabled the gaps to be filled. This is a notable scientific milestone, leading to the resolution of critical aspects of human genetic diversity, including evolutionary comparisons to our ancestors. What was the technology used in 2022, and how significant are the gaps that have been resolved? What new insight will be gained from this new information- especially pertaining to understanding epigenetics?
Tiny foxes live on the Channel Islands off the coastof Southern California; the adults weigh less than3 lbs. These so-called island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) derived from the mainland gray fox (Urocyoncinereoargenteus). Analysis of genome sequencesrevealed that unlike the mainland foxes, the foxeson a single island have shockingly little geneticdiversity.a. The genome of only one fox from each island wassequenced. How would the lack of genetic diversitybe evident in a single genome sequence?b. The populations of the foxes on each island aresmall. How might the low diversity have occurred?c. Why is low genetic diversity thought to lead tospecies extinction?d. Hypothesize as to why the Channel Island foxesare thriving without human assistance despite theirlack of genome sequence diversity
Because all known living organisms share a common system for storing and utilizing genetic information, it would suggest: that all life forms on Earth share a common ancestor that the study of one organism’s genes may reveal principles that apply to other organisms thatgenesfromoneorganismcouldpossiblyfunctioninanotherorganism that all of the above ideas (1-4) are likely
Just as anatomical homology can lead to vestigial structuressuch as human wisdom teeth and the wings of flightlessbirds, genetic homology can lead to vestigial DNA sequences.For example, most mammal species produce an enzyme,L-gulonolactone oxidase, that catalyzes the last step in the productionof vitamin C. The species that produce the enzyme areable to do so because they all inherited the gene that encodesit from a common ancestor. Humans, however, do not produceL-gulonolactone oxidase, so we can’t produce vitamin C ourselvesand must consume it in our diets. But even though wedon’t produce the enzyme, our cells do contain a stretch of DNAwith a sequence very similar to that of the enzyme-producinggene present in rats and most other mammals. The human version,though, does not encode the enzyme (or any protein). Weinherited this stretch of DNA from an ancestor that we share withother mammal species, but in us, the sequence has undergonea change that rendered it nonfunctional. (The…
Many modern people have some Neanderthal DNAin their genome, but the Neanderthal alleles are notuniformly distributed across their genome. A person ofEuropean or Asian ancestry typically has 1.5 to 2 percent Neanderthal DNA in their autosomes. However, researchers have never found any Neanderthal alleles on the Y chromosome of a modern human. By one hypothesis, Neanderthal Y alleles disappeared because theywere incompatible with H. sapiens genes. Explain howreduced fitness in hybrids arising from genetic incompatibility could have, over time, led to the elimination of theNeanderthal Y alleles from the H. sapiens gene pool.
The original source of new alleles, upon which selection operates,is mutation, a random event that occurs without regard to selectionalvalue in the organism. Although many model organismshave been used to study mutational events in populations, someinvestigators have developed abiotic molecular models. Soll et al.(2006. Genetics 175:267–275) examined one such model to studythe relationship between both deleterious and advantageousmutations and population size in a ligase molecule composed ofRNA (a ribozyme). Soll found that the smaller the population ofmolecules, the more likely it was that not only deleterious mutationsbut also advantageous mutations would disappear. Whywould population size influence the survival of both types ofmutations (deleterious and advantageous) in populations?
What is the basis for the lowfrequency of errors in DNA replicationobserved in all cells? Is this the bestthat cells can do given the speed ofreplication and the limits of moleculardiffusion? Was this mutation rateselected in evolution to provide geneticvariation?
The use of nucleotide sequence data to measure genetic variabilityis complicated by the fact that the genes of many eukaryotesare complex in organization and contain 5' and 3' flankingregions as well as introns. Researchers have compared thenucleotide sequence of two cloned alleles of the y-globin gene from asingle individual and found a variation of 1 percent. Those differencesinclude 13 substitutions of one nucleotide for anotherand three short DNA segments that have been inserted in oneallele or deleted in the other. None of the changes takes placein the gene’s exons (coding regions). Why do you think this isso, and should it change our concept of genetic variation?
Recent reconstructions of evolutionary history are often dependenton assigning divergence in terms of changes in amino acid ornucleotide sequences. For example, a comparison of cytochromec shows 10 amino acid differences between humans and dogs,24 differences between humans and moths, and 38 differencesbetween humans and yeast. Such data provide no information asto the absolute times of divergence for humans, dogs, moths, andyeast. How might one calibrate the molecular clock to an absolutetime clock? What problems might one encounter in such acalibration?
In a sequence encompassing 99.4 percent of theeuchromatic regions of human chromosome 1, Gregoryet al. [(2006) Nature 441:315–321] identified 3141 genes. Q: How does one identify a gene within a raw sequence of bases in DNA?

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