The usual analytical method in macroeconomics is to begin in long-run equilibrium, shock the economy, hold all else equal, and then evaluate how the economy responds to that single shock until it returns to equilibrium. 1. Identify the forces at work in the economy's re- equilibration process. 2.Comment on whether the zero-output gap will occur at the same trend level of output or a lower level in the new equilibrium. Why might this matter?
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- Please no written by hand solution Consider a scenario of a closed economy in the short run where price level is fixed. Assume that bothtaxes and money supply increase in a way that keep output constant in equilibrium (suppose that themarginal propensity to consume is less than one). Which of the following may result from the policychange?a) It will lead to an increase in investment but a decrease in consumption.b) It will result in an increase in investment but a decrease in government spending.c) It will lead to an increase in investment and private saving.d) It will decrease investment but increase in public saving.Hi, could you help me solve this problem? It is often argued that the effect of a demand shock depends on the state of the economy. In particular, a given increase in aggregate demand may induce a larger increase in inflation (or price level) if the output gap is initially positive (output exceeds natural output) than if the output gap is initially negative. The argument is that when economy’s overall production capacity is almost fully used, firms cannot expand output much in response to an increase in demand.t Draw AD and AS curves that are consistent with these ideas and explain them briefly.Suppose in the real business cycle model that there is a simultaneous temporary increase inboth current government spending and in the current money supply. Draw diagrams for thelabour, goods and money market, and the production function. Determine the equilibriumeffects of these two shocks occurring simultaneously on employment, output, consumption,investment, money, real wages, the real interest rate, and the price level. Provide a detailedeconomic analysis explaining your results with the aid of the diagrams.
- question 3Consider the AS-AD and three-equations models of a closed economy discussed in the course.(a). Write down the expressions for the AS and AD curves and interpret the expressions: what is the intuition behind the two curves? What must be true of the model parameters and variables in the long-run equilibrium, i.e. in the steady state?(b). Analyse the effects of an oil supply shock that causes a temporary increase in inflation, using the three-equation model. Assume that the shock lasts for one-period and then assumes the value 2%. Describe the mechanisms that bring the economy back to long-run equilibrium. What happens to aggregate demand?(c). Consider an economy that starts out in steady state when the central bank decides to make the inflation target more ambitious. Analyse the effects of a decrease in the inflation target from ? to ??. Explain the mechanisms behind the adjustment to the new steady state.Assume that two shocks happen simultaneously: a positive expenditure shock (let’s say a popular trend is to go for a bigger house) and a positive supply shock (let’s say prices on imported inputs decreased dramatically due to a substantial reduction in tariffs). Use AE/PC Model (carefully labeled!!) without time lags (use the AE and PC graphs similarly to the textbook, place PC graph below AE graph). For your analysis, choose as a starting point (marked A) an economy operating at potential GDP (Y=Y*) and at its inflation target (? = ?#). Also, show point B where the economy is situated after the shocks but prior to any central bank policy response. There should be A and B on BOTH the upper (AE graph) and lower (PC graph) graphs. If points A and B are the same point, then just mark that point with both A and B. Mark initial curves with the superscript 1, like AE1 and PC1, and every subsequent shift with a higher number, like the second shift would be AE2 and PC2, and the third shift (if…10. Which of the following are reasons why the short-run Aggregate Supply curve shown in the right-hand diagrams may be vertical? a) The economy at this level of real GDP would be operating beyond the full-employmetn level. b) Inflationary expectations have set-in so, the owners of resources are acting on these inflationary expectations and insisting on higher resource prices in anticipation of future products price inflation. c) Short-run Aggregate Suply in the Classical model is always constant. d) All the above e) Only (a) and (b) are true. f) None of the above.
- Consider if in a given economy, the parliament approves an increase in minimum wage. Starting from the medium run equilibrium, when economy is at full employment to discuss the effects of this shock. a)- Using a set of WS/PS curves, and only in labor market, in step by step way, explain the impacts. b)- Using the aggregate supply and demand (AS/AD), and IS/LM curves, show the short and medium run equilibrium points. [No explanation, only neat and well-marked graphs are acceptable]Specific subject - Macroeconomic Analyse the case of a negative supply shock caused by an increase in oil prices and compare with the shock caused by the Covid pandemic. What would be the similarities and differences between the two shocks? What would be the effect of an expansionary economic policy (increase in aggregate demand)? Graph What measures or government intervention would be most appropriate to deal with both types of shocks? Graph Compare the adjustment in both cases with and without government intervention. Graph1. Using the AS-AD model, graph and explain the effects of Covid-19 on the U.S. macroeconomy by comparing 2019 vs. 2020. Label the years on all curves, the axis, and the equilibrium. Ignore macroeconomic policy responses, such as the CARES act. Which curves shifted which direction, and why? 2. Now introduce any macroeconomic policy response. What curves shift which direction, and why? 3. What were the equilibrium quantities for both axis?
- In the basic New Keynesian model, suppose that there is an increase in government spending. • First, suppose that the central bank does nothing (accommodates the shock). Illustrate onthe graphs and explain what will be the effects on inflation and output? • Second, suppose that economy initially has inflation equal to the central bank’s inflationtarget and an output gap of zero. What action do you expect the central bank wouldundertake? Illustrate you answer on the graph and explain. PLEASE SHOW ALL HAND WRITTEN STEPS AND WORK!Consider a closed economy that begins with her long run equilibrium.Recently, households become more pessimistic. They tend to save more to getprepared.Adopt the sticky-wage model of the short run aggregate supply to explain theshort run effects of this shock. Also, explain the gradual long run adjustmentsover time using the sticky-wage model of the short run aggregate supply. Assume the policymakers do not accommodate the shock.a. write down the expressions for the AS and AD curves and interpret the expressions. what is the intuition behind the two curves? what must be true of the model parameters and variables in the long run equilibrium? b. analyze the effects of an oil supply shock that causes a temporary increase in the inflation, using the three-equation model. assume that the shock lasts for one period and then assumes the value 2%. describe the mechanisms that bring the economy back to long-run equilibrium. what happens to aggregate supply? c. consider an economy that starts out in steady state when the central bank decides to make the inflation target more ambitious. analyze the effects of a decrease in the inflation target from m to mt. explain the mechanism behind the adjustment to the new steady state.