Theory: No investor would willingly hold a bond (which carries some risk) that pays a negative nominal interest rate when he'she could carry cash with the zero nominal interest rate. FRED de ing wtor Gemany nmarfor n wiher a tor S 10y Empirical Evidence: The chart above shows the nominal interest rate on 10-year govermment bonds for Germany, Japan, France, and Sweden, respectively, from 2015 to the present. We observe that nominal interest rate on 10-year govermment bond has been negative at least once for each country during this interval. Why does theory disagree with the evidence? Explain.
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- Assume a bank can invest in a government bonds at a risk-free rate of 5.6%. Alternatively, it can invest in a corporate bond with a default probability of 6.5%. If the issuer defaults, the bank expects to recover 28.3% of the investment. A risk-averse bank that requires an additional premium of 2.9% as a result of risk aversion would be indifferent between investing in the government bond and the corporate bond if the corporate bond offers a rate of __________. Calculate the answer by read surrounding text. %. Round to the nearest 0.01%, drop the % symbol. E.g., if your answer is 0.10245 or 10.245%, record it as 10.25.You are given the following details of three default free government bonds. Assume that one can take long (buy) and short (sell) positions in these bonds. CF stands for cash flow. Bond Current price Today CF Year 1 CF Year 2 A 95.24 100 0 B 89.85 0 100 C X 70 1070 Assuming that the current market prices of Bond A and Bond B are correct, then, what should be the current theoretical (fundamental) price of Bond C, as per the no-arbitrage principle, i.e., what is the value of X? [Do not round-off any numbers. If at all you want to round-off a number, round it off at 8 decimal places.]You have just purchased an Australian Treasury Bill, which is a zero-coupon bond security with a positive yield to maturity. The yield to maturity has increased by 0.5% immediately after your purchase. In which direction should the price have moved? NOTE: a zero-coupon bond is one that only pays a single payment (i.e., the principal amount) at maturity. No coupons are paid. A.Upwards B.Cannot determine from available information C.Price will remain unchanged D.Downwards E.None of the other answers
- Explain Why you agree or disagree with the following statements. The answer should not be more than 3 sentences. Be specific in your answer and write only the most relevant explanations a. If a bond sells at a discount, yield to maturity is more likely to occur. b. All other things held constant; the future value of an annuity due is always having a lower future value than future value of ordinary annuity.c. Treasury bills are less risky than corporate bonds4. Why would the company redeem the bonds prior to the maturity date if they weregoing to recognize a loss? Can you think of an example of such a decision we might facein our personal lives?5. The 10-year German and Japanese government bonds have recently traded at anegative yield (market rate of interest)! Why would an investor purchase a bond that,in effect, pays a negative interest rate?!During this economic doldrum or uncertainty caused by COVID-19 pandemic, which either of the two bonds: convertible and straight bonds will you buy?
- I-Bonds Adjust for InflationOne of the disadvantages of bonds is that they usually offer a fixed interest rate. Once a bond isissued, its interest rate typically cannot adjust as expected inflation changes. This presents aserious risk to bond investors because if inflation rises while the nominal rate on the bondremains fixed, the real rate of return falls. The U.S. Treasury Department now offers the I-bond,which is an inflation adjusted savings bond. A Series-I bond earns interest through theapplication of a composite rate. The composite rate consists of a fixed rate that remains thesame for the life of the bond and an adjustable rate equal to the actual rate of inflation. Theadjustable rate changes twice per year and is based on movements in the Consumer PriceIndex for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). This index tracks the prices of thousands of goods andservices, so an increase in this index indicates that inflation has occurred. As the rate of inflationmoves up and down, I-bond…A zero-coupon bond refers to a bond which: a. Does not pay any coupon payments because the issuer is in default b. Promises a single future payment c. Pays coupons only once a year d. Pays coupons only if the bond price is above face valueA zero-coupon bond refers to a bond which: Answer a. Does not pay any coupon payments because the issuer is in default b. Promises a single future payment c. Pays coupons only once a year d. Pays coupons only if the bond price is above face value
- If a bond has a credit rating of A, which of the following is not true: A. The bond has more risk than a government bond B. The bond is considered a junk bond C. The bond is less risky than a BBB bond D. The bond is currently making all of its debt payments Is it junk bond? Because they are riskier bonds and will provide more returns?1. Under what conditions would the yield-to-maturity and current yield of a bond be equal? Group of answer choices a. The bond is priced at par b. The bond is priced at a discount c. Insufficient information d. The bond is priced at a premium 2. Which of the following is correct about the risk-free rate as used in valuing equity instruments? Group of answer choices a. The risk-free rate accounts for the rate of return or yield of a government instrument which does not carry any risk. b. The risk-free rate used for valuing equity instruments is normally the yield of a long-term government security. c. The risk-free rate used for valuing equity instruments is the same as that used for valuing short-term debt instruments. d. The risk-free rate accounts for the risks related to government securities which is composed of credit-spread, maturity risk premium and the real risk-free rate. 3. Berg Inc. has just paid a dividend of P2.00. Its stock is now selling…In the United States. The date is 26 July 2022. You decidethat the market has under-estimated the yield on long term Treasurybonds. You observe the following bond (in the picture). Describe how you would use this bond to trade in order to profit from your beliefs.