Three firms share a market. The demand function is P(q1, 42, 93) = 10 – q1 - 2 – 3, where q; is the output of firm i, Player i. The marginal cost per unit for each firm is zero. Suppose firm 1 is a market leader, and that firm 2 is a middle leader, choosing qp after observing q1, but before firm 3 chooses its quantity. Firm 3 is the market follower, choosing q3 last. Find the SPE of this game. How much is produced by firm 1? Numerical answer How much is produced by firms 2 & 3?
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- Consider two product designers compete where to place their product in the product space. Assume the product space is the interval from 0 to 1, including the end points. The prices of the product are fixed. Product designers place their product simultaneously in the product space. Consumer’s ideal product is spread out uniformly over the product space. Consumers like to choose their ideal product. If they cannot get their ideal product, they incur a disutility that depends linearly on the distance from their ideal product. (The disutility only depends linearly on the distance from their ideal product.) Each consumer has enough income to buy one product even if the distance from their own ideal product is 1. a. Where will the two products be placed in the Nash equilibrium if the locations of the product in the product space are chosen simultaneously? Explain. b. What are the socially optimal locations, i.e. the best locations from society’s point of view that minimise transportation…Price competition between firms, from the firms’ perspective, can be similar to the prisoners’ dilemma. The best outcome for all firms would be for all to charge a high price. However, if the other firms charge a high price, any individual firm has incentives to charge a low price and steal the market. Additionally, if any other firm chooses a low price, each firm should charge a low price too so that it doesn’t get priced out of the market. Explain how price-matching (firms announcing a policy where they match the lowest price a customer can find or will honor a competitor’s coupon) can help firms avoid the Nash equilibrium in which they all charge a low price. Is it misleading for a firm to advertise price-matching as being beneficial to consumers? (Hint: What outcomes of the game are ruled out by the price-matching policy? How does ruling out these outcomes change the game and the decision the firms face?)Price competition between firms, from the firms’ perspective, can be similar to the prisoners’ dilemma. The best outcome for all firms would be for all to charge a high price. However, if the other firms charge a high price, any individual firm has incentives to charge a low price and steal the market. Additionally, if any other firm chooses a low price, each firm should charge a low price too so that it doesn’t get priced out of the market. Explain how price-matching (firms announcing a policy where they match the lowest price a customer can find or will honor a competitor’s coupon) can help firms avoid the Nash equilibrium in which they all charge a low price. Is it misleading for a firm to advertise price-matching as being beneficial to consumers? What outcomes of the game are ruled out by the price-matching policy? How does ruling out these outcomes change the game and the decision the firms face?
- Exercise 6.8. Two companies with cost functions C1 (q1 )=5q1 and C2 (q2)= 0.5 q2 ² supply the to the same market. If the inverse market demand function is given by P = 100 - 0,5Q , where Q = q₁ + q₂ , find a) The production level of each firm, the price and the profits if the companies compete according to the Cournot model. (b) The level of production of each undertaking, the price and the profits if the undertakings agree to jointly maximise their profits. Show the results with the help of graphs.Two firms compete in a homogeneous product market where the inverse demand function is P = 20 − 5Q (quantity is measured in millions). Firm 1 has been in business for one year, while firm 2 just recently entered the market. Each firm has a legal obligation to pay one year’s rent of $2 million regardless of its production decision. Firm 1’s marginal cost is $2 and firm 2’s marginal cost is $10. The current market price is $15 and was set optimally last year when firm 1 was the only firm in the market. At present, each firm has a 50 percent share of the market. a. Why do you think firm 1’s marginal cost is lower than firm 2’s marginal cost? b. Determine the current profits of the two firms. c. What would happen to each firm’s current profits if firm 1 reduced its price to $10 while firm 2 continued to charge $15? d. Suppose that, by cutting its price to $10, firm 1 is able to drive firm 2 completely out of the market. After firm 2 exits the market, does firm 1 have an incentive to raise…Which of the following is true for Firm 1? Peach strictly dominates Apple. Banana strictly dominates Apple. Banana strictly dominates Grapes. Grapes strictly dominates Apple. Which of the following is true for Firm 2? Blue strictly dominates Purple. Green strictly dominates Blue. Green strictly dominates Pink. Pink strictly dominates Blue. Which of the following is the IEDS (Iterated Elimination of Dominated Strategies) outcome of the game? (Apple, Pink) (Banana, Green) (Peach, Pink) (Banana, Pink) True or False: The outcome (Peach, Pink) is Pareto Efficient. True or False: (Banana, Purple) is a Nash Equilibrium.
- Two firms compete in prices in a market for a homogeneous product. In this market there are N > 0 consumers; each buys one unit if the price of the product does not exceed $10, and nothing otherwise. Consumers buy from the firm selling at a lower price. In case both firms charge the same price, assume that N/2 consumers buy from each firm. Assume zero production cost for both firms. Suppose that the firms set prices simultaneously in a game that is repeated infinitely. Let denote the time- discount parameter. Propose trigger price strategies for both firms yielding the collusive prices of ($10, $10) each period. Calculate the minimal value of that would enforce the trigger price strategies you proposed.You are the manager of a golf course. For simplicity assume that you only have two potential customers – a high demand customer whose inverse demand for golf services is given by P = 10 – 0.5Q and a low demand customer whose inverse demand for golf services is given by P = 8 – 0.5Q. Suppose the marginal cost to the golf course of each round of golf is zero.Suppose you have to charge both players the same two-part pricing strategy. Which of the following pricing strategies will yield the highest profit for you? A. Charge a fixed fee of €100 and a per unit fee of zero B. Charge a fixed fee of €64 and a per unit fee of zero C. Charge a fixed fee of €64 and a per unit fee of €4 D. Charge a fixed fee of €128 and a fixed fee of zero.Two firms simultaneously decide whether or not to enter a market, and if yes, when to enter a market. The market lasts for 5 periods: starting in period 1 and ending in period 5. A firm that chooses to enter can enter in any of the five periods. Once a firm enters the market in any period it has to stay in the market through period 5. In any period tt that the the firm is not in the market, it earns a zero profit. In any period tt, if a firm is a monopolist in the market, it makes the profit 10t−24. In any period tt if a firm is a duopolist in the market it makes a profit of 7t−24. A firm's payoff is the total profit it earns in all the periods it is in the market. How many strategies does each firm have? Firm 1's best response to Firm 2's choice Do not enter is to enter in period: In a Nash equilibrium, Firm 1 enters in period _______ (if there is more than one answer, write any one)
- Consider two firms that compete according to the Cournot model. Inverse demand is P (Q) = 16 − Q. Their cost functions are C (q1) = 2q1 and C (q2) = 6q2 (a) Solve for Nash equilibrium quantities of each firm (b) Suppose firm 2 becomes more inefficient and its cost function changes to C (q2) = xq2 where x > 6. How large must x be to cause firm 2 to not want to produce anything in equilibrium?Two firms, Firm 1 and Firm 2, compete by simultaneously choosing prices. Both firms sell an identical product for which each of 100 consumers has a maximum willingness to pay of $40. Each consumer will buy at most 1 unit, and will buy it from whichever firm charges the lowest price. If both firms set the same price, they share the market equally. Costs are given by c; (q) = 16q;. Because of government regulation, firms can only choose prices which are integer numbers, and they cannot price above $40. Answer the following: a) If Firm 1 chooses pi = 32, Firm 2's best response is to set what price? b) If Firm 2 chooses the price determined in the previous question, Firm 1's best response is to choose what price? c) If Firm 1 chooses pi = 9, Firm 2's best response is a range of prices. What is the lowest price in this range? d) Now suppose both firms are capacity-constrained: Firm 1 can produce at most 42 units, and Firm 2 can produce at most 44 units. If firms set different prices,…OLIGOPOLY 1.- Each of two firms, firms 1 and 2, has a cost function C(q) = 30q; the inverse demand function for the firms' output is p = 120-Q, where Q is the total output. Firms simultaneously choose their output and the market price is that at which demand exactly absorbs the total output (Cournot model).(a) Obtain the reaction function of a firm.(b) Map the function obtained in (a), and graphically represent the Cournot equilibrium in this market.(c) Repeat (b), this time analytically.(d) Now suppose that firm 1's cost function is C(q) = 45q instead, but firm 2's cost is unchanged. Analyze the new solution in the market.(e) Obtain the total surplus, consumer surplus, and industry profits in both cases, and compare. What is the effect of the worsening in firm 1's cost?