Through a series of experiments, we will now investigate how the human eye detects light in twoconditions (in the presence of light and in the dark), in order to understand the patient impaired visionat night.The eye's retina is constituted by two types of photoreceptor cells: the rods and the cones. These cellscan detect light and produce a cellular response through a specific signaling pathway. The internalstructure of these photoreceptor cells is represented in the figure below. Rods differ from cones in thatthey are much taller, much thinner and have many membranous discs that play a key role inphotoreception. Light is received by a membrane receptor, which initiates a signal transduction insidethe cell. The cellular response produced consists of the release a neurotransmitter (glutamate) into asynaptic cleft, triggering a series of action potentials the post-synaptic neuron (not shown in thefigure). This electrical signal is then sent to (and processed by) the central nervous system to form animage in the brain.In rods, the signaling pathway involves a light-sensitive membrane receptor: a protein calledrhodopsin, which is responsible for detecting low light intensities (but not color).In cones, the signaling pathway involves a color-sensitive membrane receptor: a protein calledphotopsin, which is responsible for detecting light of different wavelengths (but is not able todetect low light intensities).EyeGFPRod(photoreceptor)Path of lightRhodopsinAA. Combination AB. Combination BMembranous discsOne antibody targeted the rhodopsins specificallyOne antibody targeted the photopsin specificallyPlasma membraneThe following microscopy image was obtained from the retinal tissue of a patient that does not sufferfrom night blindness. The tissue has been colored with two antibodies, each tagged with a specificfluorescent protein:RFPMitochondriaPhotopsinNucleus3. Based on the image above and the cell structure of photoreceptor cells presented earlier (rods andcones), determine the combination of antibody that was used to specifically target each membranephotoreceptor?Synaptic terminalCone(photoreceptor)Path of lightRhodopsinBGFPPhotopsin

Cone visual pigments, which function as photoreceptor molecules and are found in vertebrate cone…

Through a series of experiments, we will now investigate how the human eye detects light in two conditions (in the presence of light and in the dark), in order to understand the patient impaired vision at night. The eye's retina is constituted by two types of photoreceptor cells: the rods and the cones. These cells can detect light and produce a cellular response through a specific signaling pathway. The internal structure of these photoreceptor cells is represented in the figure below. Rods differ from cones in that they are much taller, much thinner and have many membranous discs that play a key role in photoreception. Light is received by a membrane receptor, which initiates a signal transduction inside the cell. The cellular response produced consists of the release a neurotransmitter (glutamate) into a synaptic cleft, triggering a series of action potentials in the post-synaptic neuron (not shown in the figure). This electrical signal is then sent to (and processed by) the central nervous system to form an image in the brain.

Through a series of experiments, we will now investigate how the human eye detects light in two conditions (in the presence of light and in the dark), in order to understand the patient impaired vision at night. The eye's retina is constituted by two types of photoreceptor cells: the rods and the cones. These cells can detect light and produce a cellular response through a specific signaling pathway. The internal structure of these photoreceptor cells is represented in the figure below. Rods differ from cones in that they are much taller, much thinner and have many membranous discs that play a key role in photoreception. Light is received by a membrane receptor, which initiates a signal transduction inside the cell. The cellular response produced consists of the release a neurotransmitter (glutamate) into a synaptic cleft, triggering a series of action potentials in the post-synaptic neuron (not shown in the figure). This electrical signal is then sent to (and processed by) the central nervous system to form an image in the brain.

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter39: Information Flow And The Neuron

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1TYK

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Signal transduction pathways benefit cells for all of the following reasons except : a. they enable different cells to respond appropriately to the same signal. b. they can amplify and diversify a signal. c. they help cells use up phosphate generated by ATP breakdown. d. they help cells respond to signal molecules that are too large or too polar to cross the plasma membrane
What is the actual “signal” that is being transduced inany signal transduction pathway, such as those shownin Figures 11.6 and 11.10? In what way is this information being passed from the exterior to the interior ofthe cell?
Cascading effect occurs when a signal is receive by the receptor ( " turned on" ) but how do cells turns off a signal?
Based on our discussions for different members of the K+ channel family (which include Kv, KCa, HCN/CNG, Kir, and K2P), which of the following can bind to K+ channels, enhancing activation? Ca++/calmodulin Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP) PIP2 All of the above
How could we promote rapid or slow signaling for medical purposes? So there are many examples of slow and rapid signaling via coupled receptors. For an example, salivary gland secretion is rapid signaling and cell growth is slow signaling. These pathways could be twisted and used to resolve medical issues in a more natural and less damaging way. Are there any experiments that have or could be done to test out promoting rapid signaling to speed up slow processes such as cell growth in a severe wound? What experiments have or could be done to test out slowing down signaling that is fast like cells responding to their environment negatively (over-active allergies)? Thank you.
Sensory neurons in the homeostatic pathway demonstrate spontaneous activity. For a neuron, what does spontaneous activity mean? Describe a mechanism by which a neuron would demonstrate spontaneous activity. (Good inspiration would be to look at the mechanism of behavior and effect on membrane potentials of HCN channels in the heart.) Assuming these sensory neurons used FM communication, how do they encode increases in stimulation and also to encode decreases in stimulation of receptors?
An enriched environment promotes growth of axons and dendrites in laboratory rodents. What is known to be one important reason for this effect?
A small number of cell surface receptors and low amounts of signals (ligands) can generate a large intracellular response as each step of the signal transduction pathway can be expanded by... A. gene amplification, i.e. increasing the number of target genes. B. enzyme-mediated signal amplification, e.g. phosphorylation cascades. C. the synthesis of new proteins. D. ATP Synthase, e.g. by building proton (H+) gradients.
Carbon monoxide is a deadly gas. This is due to its quick activation of specific signaling pathways in cells of our body. Since this is a gas, it most likely uses.... Select one: a. A transmembrane cell surface receptor since it cannot pass through cell membranes b. A voltage-gated ion channel receptor since it creates a charge when crossing the cell membrane c. An intracellular receptor since it can easily diffuse across a membrane
Researchers use a technique call RNA interference to knock down (i.e. not completely gone) the Bcl-2 gene in the amygdala of lab animals. What cellular response would you expect to occur? Question 1 options: A) An increase in apoptosis; many cells in the area would die B) An increase in axon regrowth after injury C) A decrease in cytochrome c levels released from the mitochondria D) A decrease in glial cell infiltration after injury
Name and define (briefly) the four different types of receptors involved in Cellsignaling. Give an example of a ligand and specific type of receptor (where would you find the receptor?) for one of the receptors defined.
Pathways involving G proteins provide an opportunityfor an increase in signal strength in the course of signaltransduction, a change referred to as amplification.How might this be beneficial in olfaction?