An enriched environment promotes growth of axons and dendrites in laboratory rodents. What is known to be one important reason for this effect?
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An enriched environment promotes growth of axons and dendrites in laboratory rodents. What is known to be one important reason for this effect?
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- An enriched environment promotes growth of axons and dendrites in laboratory rodents. What is known to be one mportant reason for this effect?Cascading effect occurs when a signal is receive by the receptor ( " turned on" ) but how do cells turns off a signal?How would the afferent pathway be affected by exposing this entire neuron to a drug that blocks voltage-gated Ca21 channels?
- In the prototypical neuron explain in detail the electro-chemical events that characterize an action potential leading to transmitter release. Also explain how the action potential is able to work with little expenditure of energy.If TTX (tetrodotoxin) selectively binds voltage gated Na+ channels, and you tag TTX with a fluorescent marker and then you use it as a probe to label voltage-gated Na+ channels in various neurons in the CNS, would you expect the pattern of fluorescence to be different between myelinated and nonmyelinated axons? If so, how? If not, why not?You learned in this chapter that Na+/K+ active transport pumps in the plasma membrane of the axons are responsible for creating the imbalance between Na+ and K+ inside and outside of the neuron that produces the resting membrane potential. In early research studying the role of ions and the involvement of active transport of ions in neural signaling, investigators used the giant axon of a squid as a model. The diameter of a giant axon is far greater than that of a mammalian axon, which enabled researchers to isolate it easily and use it in in vitro experiments. In one early experiment, researchers investigated the active transport of Na+ out of the axon in response to the presence of cyanide. Experimentally they hooked up a section of axon to a syringe, immersed the axon in artificial seawater, introduced radioactive 22Na (as 22NaCl) into the axon, and then quantified the transport of 22Na out through the axons plasma membrane. The rate of 22Na transport out of the axon was determined by measuring the radioactivity released into the fluid sur- rounding the axon over a period of time. The Figure shows the results of the experiment. What is the effect of cyanide on Na1 transport out of the squid axon? How do the data show the effect? Source: P. C. Caldwell et al. 1960. The effects of injecting energy-rich phosphate compounds on the active transport of ions in the giant axons of Loligo. The Journal of Physiology 152:561590. Cengage Learning 2017
- When light strikes a receptor, does the receptor excite or inhibit the bipolar cells? What effect does it have on horizontal cells? What effect does the horizontal cell have on bipolar cells?Distinguish between tonic and phasic receptors. (Human Physiology)Based on our discussions for different members of the K+ channel family (which include Kv, KCa, HCN/CNG, Kir, and K2P), which of the following can bind to K+ channels, enhancing activation? Ca++/calmodulin Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP) PIP2 All of the above
- A neuronal precursor in a fly embryo expresses which molecule to signal neighboring cells not to become neurons (Choices are shh, delta, noggin, notch)Illustrate a major way that receptor activation ceases?Two branching dendritic arbors are stimulated at the same exact time at locations A & B which are both 10 um away from the axon hillock. Upon stimulation, location A depolarizes 20 mV and location B depolarizes 15 mV. The time constant is the same in both dendrites. The length constant in both dendrites is 10 um. The RMP is -70 mV and the threshold to fire an action potential is -55 mV. Based on the above information, does the neuron fire an action potential? Explain your answer.